Essay on Their Eyes Were Watching God Personal...

Zora Neale Hurston, in keeping with themes dealing with personal relationships and the female search for self-awareness in Their Eyes Were Watching God , has created a heroine in Janie Crawford. In fact, the female perspective is introduced immediately. quot;Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember, and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordinglyquot; (Their Eyes 1). On the very first page of Their Eyes Were Watching God, the contrast is made between men and women, thus initiating Janies search for her own dreams and foreshadowing the quot;female questquot; theme of the rest of the novel. quot;Detailing her quest for self-discovery and†¦show more content†¦This excerpt establishes the existence of the inferior status of women in this society, a status which Janie must somehow overcome in order to emerge a heroine. This societal constraint does not deter Janie from attaining her dream. quot;She knew now that marriage did not make love. Janies first dream was dead, so she became a womanquot; (Their Eyes 24). Janie is not afraid to defy the expectations that her grandmother has for her life, because she realizes that her grandmothers antiquated views of women as weaklings in need of male protection even at the expense of a loving relationship, constitute limitations to her personal potential. quot;She hated her grandmother . . . .Nanny had taken the biggest thing God ever made, the horizon quot; (Their Eyes 85-86). Nevertheless, Janie is not afraid to follow her instincts, even when this means leaving her first husband to marry her second - without a divorce. quot;Janie hurried out of the front gate and turned south. Even if Joe was not there waiting for her, the change was bound to do her goodquot; (Their Eyes 31). The gossip that spreads throughout her small town when she leaves with a younger man - after the death of her second husband leaves her a widow - does not slow her down in the least. Finally, she finds happiness with Tea Cake, and it means so much more, because she has decided to go through with it on her own. Discovering the quot;two things everybodys got to do fuh theyselves,quot; isShow MoreRelatedTheir Eyes Were Watching God1571 Words   |  7 PagesZora Neale Hurston and her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God During the Harlem Renaissance, African Americans experience a cultural exposure in literature art. It was a period of great achievement in African-American art and literature during the 1920s and 1930s. This surge gave birth to several authors, playwrights and dramatists, such as Zora Neale Hurston. Zora Neale Hurston is now considered among the foremost authors of that period, having published four novels, three nonfiction works, andRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God As A Bildungsroman Analysis840 Words   |  4 Pages‘Their Eyes Were Watching God’ as a bildungsroman covering personal growth ‘Their Eyes Were Watching Good’ is a 1937 published novel by the Afro-American author Zora Neale Hurston. The story is about Janie Crawford, an attractive, middle-aged black woman, that returns to her hometown after the breakdown of her third marriage. This causes a lot of gossip and Janie decides to explain herself by telling her story. She tells about her three different marriages and how she in person changed during theseRead More Essay on Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Charater of Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie Crawford is the heroine. She helps women to deal with their own problems by dealing with hers. She deals with personal relationships as well as searches for self-awareness. Janie Crawford is more than a heroine, however, she is a woman who has overcome the restrictions placed on her by the oppressive forces and people in her life.    As a young woman, Janie had noRead MoreEssay about Comparing The Awakening and Their Eyes Are Watching God793 Words   |  4 Pageslook at whether or not the author has sympathy with the characters. Within the two stories The Awakening and Their Eyes Were Watching God, the author has sympathy for one of the characters but not the other. The two stories both have main characters that struggle with their own existence in life, but in The Awakening the author had more sympathy for Edna. In Their Eyes Were Watching God the author tends to be non-sympathetic toward all the male characters except for Edna’s third husband, Tea CakeRead MoreJanies Self-Discovery Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesTheir Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston is about a young woman that is lost in her own world. She longs to be a part of something and to have â€Å"a great journey to the horizons in search of people† (85). Janie Crawford’s journey to the horizon is told as a story t o her best friend Phoebe. She experiences three marriages and three communities that â€Å"represent increasingly wide circles of experience and opportunities for expression of personal choice† (Crabtree). Their Eyes Were Watching GodRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God And The Road851 Words   |  4 Pagesbooks, Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Road, seem to be completely different from each other for various reasons. One takes place in the south during the early 1900’s while the other takes place in the future after an apocalyptic event. However, both books share a similar idea. In both books the main characters have spiritual connections with an unknown force that is the main cause of both their misfortune and their happiness. Overall, both authors from Their Eyes Were Watching God and The RoadRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God893 Words   |  4 PagesThis quote exemplifies Janie’s desire for answers throughout her three relationships, displaying wh at she is longingly seeking for in life. Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, follows the life of protagonist, Janie Crawford, a confident, middle-aged black woman who goes throughout life discovering her quest for spiritual enlightenment and self-discovery. In the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, Hurston explains the hardships as ideas of maturity, sexism, and social class. Throughout theRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God1110 Words   |  5 Pagesseeking confirmation of the voice and vision, and everywhere she found and acknowledged answers. A personal answer for all other creations except herself. She felt an answer seeking her, but where? When? How?† (Hurston 11). This quote exemplifies Janie’s desire for answers throughout her three relationships, displaying what she is longingly seeking for in life. Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, follows the life of protagonist Janie Crawford, a confident, middle-aged black woman who goes throughoutRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pages In â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† by Zora Neale Hurston, as well as in modern times, there are many struggles surrounding gender, social class, and race. Throughout the entirety of this novel, Hurston describes every aspect of Janie’s life, in an attempt to show how young girls are transformed into women. Hurston did not describe the physical transformation, but instead tackled the much more complicated mental transformation. At the beginning of the novel, the reader is greeted with a seeminglyRead MoreAnalysis Of Their Eyes Were Watching God 1477 Words   |  6 PagesNot to Speak In the novel Their Eyes were Watching God, the main character, Janie, faces an inner battle in her three marriages, to speak or not to speak, which manifests itself differently with Logan, Joe, and Tea Cake. In her first marriage to Logan Killicks, Janie has her idea of what a marriage should look like shattered, as she failed to fall into the romantic idea of love that she held dear (Myth and Violence in Zora Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God). In her second marriage, to Joe

Total Housing Loan in Malaysia Free Essays

Total housing loan in Malaysia have been increase from year to year. This is stated in the Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) annual statistic report. Currently, there is an increase in the housing loan that have been approved by the bank from 2011 to 2012 . We will write a custom essay sample on Total Housing Loan in Malaysia or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to own a house, there is a large amount of money is needed. House is a long term property and the price is high. Not every people are afforded to buy their own house if they have not completed certain requirements. Since house price is expensive, the availability of housing finance is very important. Nowadays, home financing has offer many kind of financial products to the homebuyers when purchasing their dream house. There are already various institutions which offer housing loans that prospective borrowers can access such as banks, state housing corporation/agencies or mortgage institutions. It has become very important that the financial institutions to determine the factors that are pertinent to the homebuyers in selecting a mortgage home loan provider as there are a rapid change and more sophisticated homebuyers on this day. In order to establish whether the homebuyers have the potential capacity to pay for their desired home, they were asked to estimate the average purchase price, the deposit required, and the deposit that they could afford as well as any saving that could be added to the funding package. Currently, Ministry of Housing and Local Government has introduced housing loan scheme or Skim Pinjaman Perumahan (SPP) which aim to help people with the low income to buy a house. The target group for this scheme are the households with the earning between RM500. 0 to RM1200. 00 per month and are not eligible for another loan to build a house or buy a completed low-cost house. Besides that, homebuyers have to consider in many dimensions such as down payment, maturity of the contract, repayment structure, the ability to refinance, the possibility of being subject to borrowing constraints, and the evolution of economic variables such as interest rate, inflation, house appreciation rate, unemployment rat e and income growth. Mortgage loan is one of the alternatives or source of finance in home purchases and it become the popular choice where property was used as the main sources of collateral secure the loan made. Today, there are more financial alternatives offered to the public and at the same time there are more options for Malaysian bank customers to choose from. In exploring the information would help service providers to identify appropriate marketing strategies needed to attract new borrowers. This study attempts to deepen about consumer decision making when selecting a service provider and what criteria are of most importance. How to cite Total Housing Loan in Malaysia, Papers

The Affordances of Actor Network Theory In ICT - Free Solution

Questions: Describe the scales on which the actants in your stories act in the assemblage. Discuss how these actions can enhance management functions. Outline what issues/questions these actions raise. To achieve this, compare and contrast the viewpoints of a range of theorists and critics explored throughout the module. ? Answers: Introduction This essay is on Contemporary computing can be seen as an assemblage. It means that how new and modern technologies are introduced in the society. Many new technologies are been developed these days and in way the usage of these technologies are increasing. The essay is based on two stories from the computing world. The first story is on IBM helping to control Ebola using some the latest technologies. The technologies used by the company are data analytics, cloud computing, and mobile messages. The second story is about SAP helping Germany during the world cup. SAP is a German company; it used some of the latest technology, like, big data to provide the team with insights of the game. Both the story is based on new computing technologies and was successfully used to enhance the situations. Ant ANT is called the sociology of translation or enrollment theory. It rose to fame in the mid-1980s, principally with the work of Bruno Latour, John Law, and Michel Callon. It is a reasonable edge for investigating aggregate socio specialized procedures, whose spokespersons have given careful consideration to science a technologic exercises. It is a way to deal with the examination, and social hypothesis begins in the investigation of science is known as performing artist system hypothesis. Disregarding the way that it is known fundamentally for its questionable accentuation on the breaking point of nonhumans to act or take an enthusiasm for systems or frameworks or both, performing artist system hypothesis is similarly joined with convincing investigations of discriminating and routine human science (Greenhalgh and Stones, 2010). ANT is based on three main principles. They are agnosticism, generalized symmetry and free association. The first principle advocates that leaving any from t he earlier presumptions of the way of systems, causal conditions, or the exactness of actant's records. ANT obliges and imposes that every interpretation made are unprivileged. The second principle says that by utilizing a solitary logical edge when deciphering actants, nonhuman, and human. Investigators must hold on to the registers to look at people and associations, bugs and gatherers, or PCs and their software engineers. The final principle concludes that by leaving any distinction between social phenomenon and natural. Story 1 IBM applies data analytics, mobile technology and cloud computing to help fight the Ebola outbreak in West Africa IBM has pushed data analytics, cloud computing and mobility technology; into examining to control the outbreak of Ebola in the area named Sierra Leone. According to a survey conducted by the WHO, this outbreak of Ebola has claimed the life of nearly 5000 individuals. It is one of the major disasters in the year 1976. This disease has centered in Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia. Due to the technology that IBM is using to control an outbreak of Ebola has overwhelmed healthcare systems and local government. Actant in the story: Ebola (diseases) ; Mobile ( used for sms); Cloud computing; data analytics Human Actant: Ebola patients; Data analyst; Government officials; Doctors; Healthcare staff; Individuals of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia; IBM Software Actant: Algorithms used in data analysis; computer languages Hardware Actant: Server; Computers; Mobiles; Network Structural Actant: Local government How the actants are working with one another: Ebola is one of the major outbreaks that took place in the year 2014. It claimed the lives of many individuals in West Africa (Jane Kamau, 2014). To counter this disease IBM took an initiative in some of the parts of the affected area. They started using mobile technology for sending out message to the individual. They were sending messages to the individual warning them about the disease. About 40 to 50 percent of the individuals in Sierra Leone are illiterate (eHNA, 2015). Therefore, they were sending out SMS or messages and voice messages on the mobile phones. The administration utilized radio telecasts along SMS . A call centre was set up so that all the voice messages can be processed. The call centre was taking care of a huge number of calls a day. Stewart said he would like that figure to be in the millions to enhance the nature of the information produced. Airtel, an mobile network operator was running the sans toll number, and so cial researchers from the University of Cambridge are helping enhance the informing and behavior smaller than usual reviews over the air to remove more significant data. IBM volunteers are occupied with a group push to distinguish, stock and order all open information sources identified with the outbreak of Ebola (eHNA, 2015). IBM has conveyed SoftLayer cloud innovation to set up an Ebola Open Data Repository, giving governments, help organizations and scientists with free and open access to the information. IBM's Ebola effort proceeded in Nigeria, the fourth nation to be influenced by Ebola, which was as of late pronounced free of the ailment. Cloud computing: Data is saved up in the internet and it can be retrieved as per the need of the company or the individual (Hurwitz, 2010). It promotes elasticity in the company, self-servicing and pay per use method. It can be of three different types. They are: public, hybrid and private. How the system was helpful: The new technologies are very helpful in controlling the disease. These technologies could not be used to cure the disease but it was helpful to inform people about the outbreak. The initiative taken by IBM was commendable. The big data technology that was utilized by IBM in Africa stood to tackle many health care issues. Story 2 SAP played its part in the national football team's victory over Argentina in the World Cup final in Brazil SAP is a German based company. It helped the football team during world cup. All the data and information regarding the game was collected and analyzed by the company (Iisgroup.eu, 2015). Big data technology was used by the organization to help the team. The software used by the company was SAP match insights. Actants in the story: Big data; SAP match insights Human Actant: German football team; Big data analysts Software Actant: Algorithms; Programs Hardware Actant: Computers; Cameras; Mobile phones; Tablets; Servers Structural Actant: World Cup How the actants are acting with one another: SAP, a Germany based organization had influence in the national football group's triumph in World Cup. A lot has been said in regards to the exactness building and keen outline of Germany's football, which in the end defeated the young men from the barrios. Big data analysis and enterprise software have played a major part. In the year 2013, SAP and DFB started working together to build up a "Match Insights" programming framework for the German national group to use in arrangement for and amid the competition. SAP conveyed a model in the year 2014 and Joachim Low's administration group has been utilizing the product from that point onward. The German group dissected the information during the game, caught by camcorders around the pitch, and transformed it into data that could be seen on tablet or cell phones to help enhance group execution and addition a more profound understanding into its adversaries (Theregister.co.uk, 2015). The data or information gathered received or viewed on their phones or in the player lounge by the players. The greatest change coming about because of utilizing the information was the group's rate of passing, said SAP. At the point when Germany came to the World Cup semi-finals in the year 2010, the group had a normal ball ownership time of 3.4 seconds. Subsequent to utilizing SAP Match Insights, in light of the supplier's Hana innovation, it has possessed the capacity to lessen that time to 1.1 seconds. Big data: It is a broad area where a large number of data set is present. All the data or information is stored and analyzed for further usage (Dhar, 2014). It includes huge volumes of data sets that cannot be analyzed by the humans. All the data are captured, managed, curate and processed so that it can be used by the organizations (Dumbill, 2013). It can be used for taking major decisions in business. How the technology was helpful: An essential piece of the procedure was the change of the pitch into a matrix with every player doled out a one of a kind identifier, which permitted his or her developments to be followed digitally. All the information was gathered and then the data was sustained into a framework running the SAP HANA stage in light of in-memory innovation, which removed KPIs and individual player data. The information was then changed over into reenactments and charts that could be seen on tablets and cell phones (Theregister.co.uk, 2015). Innovative headway achieved by Big Data examination and machine learning could change all aspects of business and has as of now been utilized in a greatly wide and different range of parts. The individuals who disregard the advantages Big Data on offer do as such at their risk. It's a given obviously that we ought to give full credit to Germany's group aptitudes and exertion for their prosperity all through the World Cup, yet there is no denying the part Big Data needed to play in their triumph. Conclusion This essay is on contemporary computing can be seen as an assemblage. There are two stories discussed in this essay. The first story is about the humanitarian act of IBM in controlling Ebola and the second story is how SAP helped its national football team to improve its game during the World cup. Both the stories are based on new computing technologies. These latest applications were used in the real life to improve the situation. The various actants in the both the stories are described in the essay. References Andrade, A. and Urquhart, C. (2010). The affordances of actor network theory in ICT for development research.The affordances of actor network theory in ICT for development research. Dhar, V. (2014). Why Big Data = Big Deal.Big Data, 2(2), pp.55-56. Dumbill, E. (2013). Making Sense of Big Data.Big Data, 1(1), pp.1-2. eHNA, (2015).IBM, Airtel and Echo Mobile launches initiatives to help fight Ebola. [online] Available at: https://ehna.org/home?t=articlev=art-54e1e0aa280ed [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Fenwick, T. and Edwards, R. (2010).Actor-network theory in education. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Greenhalgh, T. and Stones, R. (2010). Theorising big IT programmes in healthcare: Strong structuration theory meets actor-network theory.Social Science Medicine, 70(9), pp.1285-1294. Hurwitz, J. (2010).Cloud computing for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub. Iisgroup.eu, (2015).SAP HANA helps Germany to World Cup glory. [online] Available at: https://www.iisgroup.eu/news/2014/07/14/news-feature-sap-hana-helps-germany-to-world-cup-glory/ [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Jane Kamau, S. (2014). Ebola Outbreak: Knowledge to Act.Occup Med Health Aff, 02(05). Kirkpatrick, R. (2013). Big Data for Development.Big Data, 1(1), pp.3-4. Theregister.co.uk, (2015).SAP: It was our Big Data software wot won it for Germany. [online] Available at: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/07/22/germany_worldcup_sap_hana/ [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Williams, M. (2010).A quick start guide to cloud computing. London: Kogan Page.

The relationship between Petruchio and Katherina Essay Example

The relationship between Petruchio and Katherina Paper Act V Scene ii is the scene where we see the largest change between Katherinas and Petruchios relationship, where the both the scene and the entire play is ended by a long speech from Katherina which contradicts what she believed at the beginning of the play. Katherina seems to finally have been tamed by Petruchio and is willing to serve him as she now realises that thy husband is thy lord, they life, thy keeper, thy head, thy sovereign. The fact that when summoned by Petruchio she came, but to make it even more surprising is that she managed to bring along Bianca and the widow, both of whom had before refused to come. It is somewhat ironic that the last speech of the play, and Katherinas longest speech is about how women should appreciate men and she is lecturing the other women about men working hard so they can give their wives what they want, when throughout the play she had had the complete opposite opinion. She says that a husband should be thy lord, thy king, thy governor, all of these things being important people in the social hierarchy, and so making her point of the importance of a husband. Katherina even offers to place her hands beneath Petruchios feet in token of his duty; something that it is doubtful she would have done at the beginning of the play. Throughout the play there is also a use of imagery of hunting and animals and in Shakespearian times hunting was thought of as being aristocratic, particularly hawking (hunting using birds of prey). In the play Petruchio symbolises the hunter, and Katherina symbolises the hawk, so through this Katherina is seen as being inferior to Petruchio, as the hawk would be inferior to the hunter. We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between Petruchio and Katherina specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between Petruchio and Katherina specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between Petruchio and Katherina specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hunters would have to tame their hawk in similar ways which Petruchio tamed Katherina. We can see this imagery in many parts of the play where particularly Petruchio makes references to hunting, for example V ii Petruchio says, Ill venture so much of my hawk or hound, but twenty times so much upon my wife. This shows Petruchios confidence in the fact that he has managed to tame Katherina, as he is willing to twenty times more on her than he would on a hawk or hound, and in the end his trust in Katherina does of course pay off. The relationship between Katherina and Petruchio completely changes by the end of the play. It is subtly developed over time, through which we can see Katherina ever so slowly warms to Petruchio, until in Act V Scene ii Katherina shows her gratitude to Petruchio, and finally is tamed. Petruchio tried taming Katherina since the very beginning, doing many things such as starving her, depriving her of sleep, and making her go against her own judgment, in order to turn the feisty and aggressive shrew into a good, respectful wife. Petruchios quick wit and sometimes aggressive behaviour is kept throughout the play, which allows Petruchio to control Katherina and declare a form of authority over her. In Act 5 Scene 2, the last scene, it seems as though he may by less overpowering by saying, Come on and kiss me, Kate, which suggests perhaps love for her, or at least more respect now that she has changed from being a shrew, to a more agreeable woman.

Consumer Behavior Trends

Consumer Behavior Trends Free Online Research Papers Faith Popcorn identified 17 trends that drove the business and people’s life in her book â€Å"Clicking† ten years ago. According to BrainReserve, trends are not fads. They endure, evolve and represent underlying forces, first causes, basic human needs, attitudes and aspirations. They help us navigate the world, understand whats happening and why, and prepare for what is yet to come. This paper will investigate one of the trends Popcorn has identified – Fantasy Adventure – particularly focus on its development in the last ten years. I will examine related evidence observed in various industries and make the claim that this trend has not declined but further developed. Fantasy Adventure refers to the behavior that consumer crave excitement and stimulation as an escape from stress and boredom in essentially risk-free adventures.(Popcorn, 1998) The excitement are taken in small doses, and allow us to return to our â€Å"normal† life at the end of the day. They make us feel courageous, open to new exotic experience, and most important of all, they give us the sense of transforming to a better person. There are three underlying forces in creating this trend: the increasing stress brought to us by our routine yet increasingly competitive life, the rising number of cases of the unsafe, uncertain events happening around our environment and the advancement of technologies. In the 1990s only 40% percentage Canadians reported stress in workplace but the statistic had increased significantly recently.(JobStress, 1997) More than 6 in 10 Canadians reported in 2002 that they have experienced a â€Å"great deal of stresses at work because of the increasing difficulty to maintain work-life balance while managing the greater then ever demand at work. (StressMap, 2002) Popcorn (1998) pointed out in her book that we all want to retreat from the reality with Fantasy Adventures to relieve for a moment. The tight schedule most people have also means we are not allow to take off to a vacation or go away for a longer period of time to have a â€Å"real† adventure. With the increasing statisti cs of work-life stress, it is clear that demand for Fantasy Adventure has only increased during the recent period of time. Another component of Fantasy Adventure is the promises of safety. The environment is not safe as it was a decade ago, and consumers learn to choose a safer way of entertainment instead. Last but not least, with the improvement of technologies, people now can access more information about others’ lifestyles and can imagine larger possibilities. One thing worth mentioning is the evolvement of the trend Fantasy Adventure – the cos will be illustrated in the following sections. Roy William (2004) argued in his article that, the Fantasy Adventure trend had reached its end and sharply declined, as the people now ask for the truth. I agree that nowadays consumers may be more skeptical about the information and facts released by large firms, however the fact that people still in need of escape from reality does not change. There are more and more products available to fulfill this crave of fantasy especially in the media industry. A popular theme for television series is superpower for instance the â€Å"Heroes† and â€Å"Smallville†. Fantasy and horror movies are still a big hit and stay on top of the most popular movie categories. â€Å"Pirates of the Caribbean†, â€Å"Harry Potter† series and the â€Å"Lord of the Rings† Trilogy are just a few examples. These television series and movies grant consumers a room for imagination and indulge themselves in something not real, and of course, back to their normal life after these two or three hours. For television show, a common pattern could be observed: a group of ordinary people come out, compete with talents and there they are, the tomorrow super stars. Just to name a few: â€Å"So You Think You Can Dance†, â€Å"British Got Talent†, â€Å"Paris Hilton’s My New BFF†. Another powerful source of fantasy engagement is Manga, or comics. In Japan the best selling manga are always about adventures or super power. A perfect example is â€Å"One Piece† which is about a pirate with a rubber-like body (super-power) setting off to an adventure to look for the biggest treasure in the world, being the greatest pirate and have fun. These media are all common in the way they take the audience on the flight of imagination; allow them to have an imaginary adventure in their comfort zone. Food experience continues to be one of the greatest ways for many consumers to seek Fantasy Adventure. In Toronto’s restaurants, more exotic ingredients were brought to the once ordinary dishes, and there is increasing growing number of theme restaurant. In 2006, the first dark restaurant in Canada was opened in Montreal, where dinners undergo the entire dinning experience in total darkness. (Comm-odities, 2006) The theory is with one sense completely impaired, your other senses are fully heightened and the food will taste completely different. These restaurants provide extraordinary experiences to customers through different physical and emotional instruments thus offer a little adventure to the consumers. Among all products in the entertainment market, digital games may be the single platform that really fulfills the need of Fantasy Adventure. This includes video games, Role Playing games and Virtual network online. The Entertainment Software Association announced in 2007 that sales of computer games and video games have increased by 22.9 percent to $11.7 billion in the US. The average age of most frequent game player has shifted to 39 years old. (ESA, 2007) We can identify the trend that more people are willing to pay and indulge themselves in the form of video gaming. Video games has uncountable content, however may it be action, sports, role playing, shooting etc., the principle is the same: the player transform to a â€Å"Hero† and do the impossible. Figure 1. (a) Top Selling Game Genres in 2006 Figure 1. (b) Top Selling Game Genres in 2007 Figure 2. Frequency of playing games by frequent players In 2001, Microsoft released a sixth-generation video game console – the Xbox and entered the competition in the gaming console market. 24 million units were sold as of May 2006. In 2002, Halo 2, a shooting game, set the record of being the highest-gross release in entertainment history with over $125 million in the first day. Xbox was replaced by Xbox 360 in 2005 which made a even bigger success as over 30 million units was sold in mere 3.5 years. There were over 1000 games available in the end of 2008, labeling the success of Xbox 360. These numbers are only a part of the overall consumption of video game playing, which suggested that consumers continue to seek the imaginary adventures, buying into brand and products in order to escape reality. One unique feature of Xbox 360 is its online game feature on the platform Xbox Live. This feature enables the players to have interaction and communications when playing games with other players. This development makes the gaming expe rience more realistic then ever and thus more profoundly fulfill players’ dream of fantasy adventures. It also fits the theory of Baker that now consumers want a more active role in creating their Fantasy Adventures. Second Life, an innovative concept launched in 2003, is another example that illustrates how people escape the reality and embrace a second identity in the virtual world. Second Life is a virtual world that allows users to interact and socialize via the internet. There are no particular missions or goal to accomplish, and there is no winning and losing, unlike almost all the traditional online games. However the users cherish the complex capability of interaction in this virtual world, as well as the feature of customizing a personal avatar, and thus the ability to create a fantastic self via this creative toolset. In 2008, an average of 38,000 users was logged in at any moment, and the accumulate user hours reached 112 millions in the end of 2008. These soaring numbers show us exactly how a product that fits the consumer insight can quickly capture a large portion of the targeted market. Figure 3. Total signups of paid accounts for Second Life Figure 4. User Hours per Quarter for Second Life 2006-2008 The continuous trend of Fantasy Adventure could be utilized by marketers. For example the promotion video of the Red Light Social Center, an adult virtual community has the phrases like â€Å"enter a Realistic world†, â€Å"create a NEW you†, â€Å"it’s Safe†. Bingo! These are exactly what fantasy cravers look for. â€Å"The drift in advertising over recent decade has been toward limited factual information and more symbolic, emotional, humorous and fantasy-oriented meanings.†(Mick, 2008) Here I identify two approaches in advertising that are very common: the get-a-taste-of-something approach and transform-to-your-better-self approach. Recall the promotion campaign of Tropicana that â€Å"Offers a Taste of Tropic† and that of Kraft’s â€Å"a Little Taste of Heaven†. (Chiasson, 2009) They both suggest that with a little sip and dip you would feel like being in a fantasy or exotic place immediately, an escape from the reality. The second approach is even more observable, as majority of advertisements implies a transformation upon using the advertised product. There was a series of advertisements by SK-II with the slogan â€Å"Correct Your Age†, which they sold the idea that the anti-aging product helps you return to your younger self. Celebrity endorsement also falls under this approach because they suggest that using the product will let consumer be more like the popular icon. The above examples suggest that the consumer behavioral trend of craving excitement in small dose and in a safe manner has not declined. Moreover consumers now want a share in creating the fantasy by involving in the process. Video games and virtual network became one of the most significant platforms where consumers seek their fantasy escape. At the same time, marketers capture the psychology of consumer and make use of fantasy-oriented approaches in advertisement and promotion strategies. Fantasy appeal is most likely to continue to be one of the most influential approaches in the future marketing. Reference F. Popcorn L. Marigold. (1998). â€Å"Clicking: 17 Trends that Drive your Business – and your Life† P. K. Day. (2008). Faith Popcorn’s Prediction Five Years Later. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from chicagotribune.com/topic/la-et-popcorn-predicts01-2008oct01,0,5034903.story?page=2 on 4th June 2009. F. Rauh. (2007). Living the Dream. SPC Business. Retrieved form cosmeticsbusiness.com/story.asp?storyCode=1218 on 4th June 2009/ Dining in the Dark, a Feast for the Senses. (2006). Comm-oddities. Retrieved from cbc.ca/consumer/comm-oddities/2006/09/dining_in_the_dark_a_feast_for.html on 4th June 2009. R. H. Williams. (2004). A Feel for Real. The Monday Morning Memo. Retrieved from mondaymorningmemo.com/?ShowMe=ThisMemoMemoID=1508 on 4th June 2009. D. Mick. (2008). Degree of Freedom of Will: An Essential Question in Consumer Behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology 18 pg 17-21. A. Baker. (2008). Understanding the Role of Co-Creation in Fantasy and Fun. Advances in Consumer Research 35. Entertainment Software Association of Canada (2007). Essential Facts about the Canadian Computers and Video Game Industry. Retrieved from theesa.com/facts/index.asp theesa.ca/pdf/esa_e.pdf ACNielsen. (2005) â€Å"ACNielsen Reports Continued Rapid Growth For Video Gaming Industry.† acnielsen.ca/News/VideoGamingFirstQtr2004Results.htm. Retrieved on 30th May,2009. L.J. Paul. (2005).†Canadian Content in Video Games† Author and Digital Games Research Association. Linden Research Inc. (2008) 2008 Result Review. Retrieved from https://blogs.secondlife.com/community/features/blog/2009/01/15/second-life-residents-logged-nearly-400-million-hours-in-2008-growing-61-over-2007 on 8th June G. Chiasson (2009) Tropicana Campaign Offers a Taste of the Tropics. Retrieved from pubzone.com/newsroom/2009/1x090122x041107.cfm on 7th June 2009 Research Papers on Consumer Behavior TrendsThe Fifth HorsemanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseStandardized TestingPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMind TravelMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

August Wilsons Fences

In August, Wilson's fence focused on the life of a bitter African-American Troy Markson who had dealt with these cards in his life in the 1950s. During the play, Troy was raised by a father who did not love and insult, and when he tried to become a major league baseball player he was dismissed for the game. Troy was poor and even needed money and even even sentenced him to prison in prison, so he took the bank and eventually killed the person. Living in Troy is not easy. Auguste Wilson 's fence: page 8 explains the outline of August Wilson' s theater fence, with special consideration for the importance of Troy and the influence of this hero on the development of themes such as ethnic isolation and struggle It is. In this article we are also investigating how Wilson learned about the influence on Troy's family and the 1950 American American culture and history. Fences.wps August Wilson 's Fence # 2: This 7 - page paper is based on racial discrimination, African - American culture, and family life in the work Fences that was awarded the Wilson' s Pulitzer Prize in the 1950 's I will explore what it is drawn for. . This article outlines the entire script, but focuses primarily on the initial behavior. Five information sources are listed in the reference. Fences 2. wps Question about fence (select one): 1. The fence is part of a series of dramas that Wilson set at different times in August, with the aim of writing scripts to help Americans understand the struggle of African Americans. August Wilson founded a fence in 1957. An important physical symbol in the play is the fence Troy is building. When reading the screenplay, pay attention to many metaphor and iconic fence in the play. Write these two fences. In your writing, please consider the following. How to use a fence in the play? Are these enclosures a result of that period? As Bono said, are they accustomed to letting people leave or let people enter? (II.1) August Wilson 's Fence Fence, August Wilson is the s tory of the former Black League baseball hero, Troy Maxon. Troy is a bitter person, hatred towards the way things disappear, you can not see the world changes. Troy initially had an iron fist for his family, but as the story progressed, the family removed the physical and emotional connection it had. When comparing two different cultures and ethics, the difference is night and day. In the death of salesmen and fences these stories are stories of two middle-class families who faced problems in their own family during the same era (from the 1940's to the late 1950's) I am talking. From the marital relationship problem to the unsuccessful father-child relationship, both stories tell us how the family life of the city living in that age's environment is how the authors August Wilsons Fences In August, Wilson's fence focused on the life of a bitter African-American Troy Markson who had dealt with these cards in his life in the 1950s. During the play, Troy was raised by a father who did not love and insult, and when he tried to become a major league baseball player he was dismissed for the game. Troy was poor and even needed money and even even sentenced him to prison in prison, so he took the bank and eventually killed the person. Living in Troy is not easy. Auguste Wilson 's fence: page 8 explains the outline of August Wilson' s theater fence, with special consideration for the importance of Troy and the influence of this hero on the development of themes such as ethnic isolation and struggle It is. In this article we are also investigating how Wilson learned about the influence on Troy's family and the 1950 American American culture and history. Fences.wps August Wilson 's Fence # 2: This 7 - page paper is based on racial discrimination, African - American culture, and family life in the work Fences that was awarded the Wilson' s Pulitzer Prize in the 1950 's I will explore what it is drawn for. . This article outlines the entire script, but focuses primarily on the initial behavior. Five information sources are listed in the reference. Fences 2. wps Question about fence (select one): 1. The fence is part of a series of dramas that Wilson set at different times in August, with the aim of writing scripts to help Americans understand the struggle of African Americans. August Wilson founded a fence in 1957. An important physical symbol in the play is the fence Troy is building. When reading the screenplay, pay attention to many metaphor and iconic fence in the play. Write these two fences. In your writing, please consider the following. How to use a fence in the play? Are these enclosures a result of that period? As Bono said, are they accustomed to letting people leave or let people enter? (II.1) August Wilson 's Fence Fence, August Wilson is the s tory of the former Black League baseball hero, Troy Maxon. Troy is a bitter person, hatred towards the way things disappear, you can not see the world changes. Troy initially had an iron fist for his family, but as the story progressed, the family removed the physical and emotional connection it had. When comparing two different cultures and ethics, the difference is night and day. In the death of salesmen and fences these stories are stories of two middle-class families who faced problems in their own family during the same era (from the 1940's to the late 1950's) I am talking. From the marital relationship problem to the unsuccessful father-child relationship, both stories tell us how the family life of the city living in that age's environment is how the authors August Wilsons Fences In August, Wilson's fence focused on the life of a bitter African-American Troy Markson who had dealt with these cards in his life in the 1950s. During the play, Troy was raised by a father who did not love and insult, and when he tried to become a major league baseball player he was dismissed for the game. Troy was poor and even needed money and even even sentenced him to prison in prison, so he took the bank and eventually killed the person. Living in Troy is not easy. Auguste Wilson 's fence: page 8 explains the outline of August Wilson' s theater fence, with special consideration for the importance of Troy and the influence of this hero on the development of themes such as ethnic isolation and struggle It is. In this article we are also investigating how Wilson learned about the influence on Troy's family and the 1950 American American culture and history. Fences.wps August Wilson 's Fence # 2: This 7 - page paper is based on racial discrimination, African - American culture, and family life in the work Fences that was awarded the Wilson' s Pulitzer Prize in the 1950 's I will explore what it is drawn for. . This article outlines the entire script, but focuses primarily on the initial behavior. Five information sources are listed in the reference. Fences 2. wps Question about fence (select one): 1. The fence is part of a series of dramas that Wilson set at different times in August, with the aim of writing scripts to help Americans understand the struggle of African Americans. August Wilson founded a fence in 1957. An important physical symbol in the play is the fence Troy is building. When reading the screenplay, pay attention to many metaphor and iconic fence in the play. Write these two fences. In your writing, please consider the following. How to use a fence in the play? Are these enclosures a result of that period? As Bono said, are they accustomed to letting people leave or let people enter? (II.1) August Wilson 's Fence Fence, August Wilson is the s tory of the former Black League baseball hero, Troy Maxon. Troy is a bitter person, hatred towards the way things disappear, you can not see the world changes. Troy initially had an iron fist for his family, but as the story progressed, the family removed the physical and emotional connection it had. When comparing two different cultures and ethics, the difference is night and day. In the death of salesmen and fences these stories are stories of two middle-class families who faced problems in their own family during the same era (from the 1940's to the late 1950's) I am talking. From the marital relationship problem to the unsuccessful father-child relationship, both stories tell us how the family life of the city living in that age's environment is how the authors

Analysis report of Bernini's Angel with Crown of Thorns Research Paper

Analysis report of Bernini's Angel with Crown of Thorns - Research Paper Example Through its huge size and magnificent form, it became a grand architectural element together with the rest of the ten Angels of Passion in Ponte Sant’Angelo. A grand sentry looking over the people as they traverse the bridge to and from the Castle. The sculpture depicts an angel represented as a young man with a crown of curly hair. His wings are quite huge and are partially spread out as if about to take flight. He is wearing a somewhat diaphanous material draped over his body exposing a good portion of his shoulders and his right leg. He is holding a crown of thorns and his arms are placed sideways towards the left side of his body at the level of his chest. The angel’s right leg is exposed up to mid thigh and is bent on the knee as if in a walking motion. His left foot, on the hand, is also exposed. His feet are parted slightly apart with an indistinguishable object of swirls in between his feet and beside his left feet. The Ponte Sant’Angelo, also known as the Bridge of Angels, in Rome was decorated with ten marble sculptures of angels, or the Angels of Passion, as proposed by Italian sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini.1 He was commissioned by Pope Clement IX to create two out of the ten angel sculptures and the rest of the angel sculptures are believed to be made by Bernini’s students. The ten marble sculptures are to replace the 14 stucco sculptures of angels set up by Rafaella da Montelupo under Pope Paul III.2 The ten marble sculptures of angels each hold a symbol of the Passion of the Christ. The ten angel sculptures are the â€Å"Angel with the Column† by Antonio Raggi, â€Å"Angel with the Whips† by Lazzaro Morelli, â€Å"Angel with the Crown of Thorns†Ã‚  by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, â€Å"Angel with the Sudarium or Veronica’s Veil† by  Cosimo Fancelli,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Angel with the Garment and Dice† by Paolo Naldini, â€Å"Angel with

You can chose one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

You can chose one - Essay Example The customer lodged a claim on us that the art we shipped arrived with sags in the canvas. This may not be our fault, neither is it the customer’s. You therefore ought to have appreciated the customer feedback first and the fact that the customer contacted us with a claim. You can also show the customer that we care about the products we send and that their satisfaction is our priority. Then accept the liability and responsibility to re-stretch the art on behalf of the customer. Our customers are important for our business, and hence kindly make efforts to understand the customer situation and address the solution not the problem. We at Manhattan Galleries value your kind efforts to address customer needs and keep constant contact with them. As we appreciate our employees so are our customers and every feedback matters to us. Your letter to the customer is well written, and with the changes annotated, it will serve the customer perfectly well. Thanks for your efforts at Manhattan

HIS 103 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 Essay Example for Free

HIS 103 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 Essay This document of HIS 103 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 contains: Chinese Social and Political Order Systems Read The Chinese Tradition and Lessons for Women. Compare and contrast Daoism (Taoism), Legalism, and Confucianism. What did each system stress as most important? In what ways did they speak to the people? Which had the most impact on the development of society? Why? Include data from your textbook and supplementary readings to support your response. History General History ASHFORD HIS 103 All discussion questions Pick out classes that are challenging and interesting to you instead of the ones that people think are very easy. Giving yourself a challenge is rewarding. You are sure to gain more knowledge from tough courses, and you might make connections that will benefit you later on. This document of HIS 103 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 contains: Chinese Social and Political Order Systems Read The Chinese Tradition and Lessons for Women. Compare and contrast Daoism (Taoism), Legalism, and Confucianism. What did each system stress as most important? In what ways did they speak to the people? Which had the most impact on the development of society? Why? Include data from your textbook and supplementary readings to support your response. History General History ASHFORD HIS 103 All discussion questions Pick out classes that are challenging and interesting to you instead of the ones that people think are very easy. Giving yourself a challenge is rewarding. You are sure to gain more knowledge from tough courses, and you might make connections that will benefit you later on. This document of HIS 103 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 contains: Chinese Social and Political Order Systems Read The Chinese Tradition and Lessons for Women. Compare and contrast Daoism (Taoism), Legalism, and Confucianism. What did each syste Search for more tutorials here https://bitly. com/1oJNqEQ Pick out classes that are challenging and interesting to you instead of the ones that people think are very easy. Giving yourself a challenge is rewarding. You are sure to gain more knowledge from tough courses, and you might make connections that will benefit you later on. History General History ASHFORD HIS 103 All discussion questions

Teens and Sex - Teenage Sex :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Teenage Sex    Sexually active teenagers, in America, are a significant problem we must look at. A question that rings in the minds of teenagers everywhere is when to have sex. Our Catholic teachings, instruct us to wait until one is in a loving marriage to have sex. Not only is the church preaching abstinence, but now public schools are also teaching students on the advantages of abstinence. Premarital sex is a growing, and important issue. Premarital sex is usually the cause of sexually transmitted diseases, teen pregnancy, and deep, emotions of regret.    Sexually transmitted diseases flourish in a society of premarital sex, where teens have many sex partners. A direct result of this, is STD's becoming more abundant among the population. One reason for the plague of STD's is the misuse of contraceptives by teens. Many teens believe that condoms, or the pill prohibit the spread of herpes, AIDS, or other diseases, but in fact, they do not stop the spread, and no where do the products state that they do stop the spread of STDs. Three million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases among teens are reported each year. Many teens that believe nothing is wrong in committing premarital sex have intercourse with many different teens through the ages of 15 and 19, and increase the chance of spreading sexually transmitted diseases each time. With sexual intercourse on the rise with high school students, and its acceptance among the public, even more teens are having sex now, to the point that every eleven seconds a teen has sex fo r their first time. Seventy percent of these students say they were socially pressured into having sex. If society has the power to pressuring teens to have sex, society ought to use that power to educate teems about the dangers of premarital sex.    Sex before marriage has also been one of the major causes of teen pregnancy. Teens often think that pregnancy just cannot happen to them, yet teen pregnancy grows each year, and shows no stop. Carelessness is the significant factor in teen pregnancy, whether the carelessness is in contraceptive use, or choosing of a partner. Teens just use different forms of contraceptives and birth control incorrectly.

An Analysis of Relationships in “The Kite Runner” Essay

â€Å"In the Kite Runner, relationships between fathers and sons are never joyful†. What do you think of this view? After having read the statement, my initial thoughts were that of course, at some point in the novel, relationships between fathers and sons were happy and full of joy, though after more consideration, I have decided that I agree with the statement, as, even in jubilant moments, the foundations of the relationships are built on lies and deceit, darkening the meaning of the temporarily- found happiness. An example of this would be the relationship between Ali and Hassan who seemingly had a very strong relationship, in which Ali was proud of the person his son was slowly becoming and cherished him dearly, as if his presence simply made the world a better place- â€Å"he had found his joy, his antidote, the moment Sanaubar had given birth to Hassan†. This suggests that, despite the fact we later learn that Ali isn’t Hassan’s paternal father, he has loved him as if he were his own from the very moment he was born, raising him as his own. The extent of Ali’s love is masked, however, by the fact that he lied to his ‘son’ his entire life, something some would claim to be selfish as he wanted to retain an ounce of self-respect, to have something he could call his own and, finally, to actually have a child, as he wouldn’t be able to have one any other way, due to his being sterile. On the other hand, some may say that of course, some of the happier relationships in the novel are purely and simply that: joyous relationships with no ulterior motive or reasoning. For example, the relationship between Hassan and Sohrab, in which it is completely obvious that Hassan would have done anything for his son, whilst being totally honest with him so as not to keep anything from him which may have tainted their lives together in anyway, other than his experience in the alley; omitted in order to allow hi son to maintain his innocence a while longer, in a world where it would surely be taken from him too early anyway. Hassan yearned for his son to be given the best opportunities in life, so as not to be a servant his whole life- â€Å"taught him to read and write- his son was not going to grow up illiterate like he had.†

Impact of motivation on employee performance

Entrepreneurship is the tendency of a person to organize his own business and run it profitably, exploiting the qualities of leadership, decision making, managerial caliber, etc. Risk Talking Risk-taking In Its true sense Indicates that risk Is Ignored In taking decisions and actions. We should rightfully use the word ‘risk averse' for the entrepreneurs. Risk averseness implies taking ‘calculated' risk and expecting premium for the risk taken. As the risk goes up the expected premium in return also goes up at a higher rate.Calculated risk means a few things, namely, Determining how much risk one should take. Risk taking ability of a rich person Is higher than that of a poor person. Still, two equally rich persons In equal situations may not equally perceive the risk in a given opportunity. 0 Risk assessment is equally important. 0 Risk mitigation is the final step that a risk-averse person would consider while taking calculated risk. Risk mitigation means taking steps to manage risk. For example, Insurance against non-business Is essential; Identify non-business risks and insure them. Sense of limits In every society people develop sense of limits from parents, friends and rounding's. These are the limits of what we can do and what we cannot, and what we can accomplish and what we cannot. Such sense of limit Is a result of social permissiveness at a given point of time In a society. On one side, developing such sense of limit is desirable because without adhering to social norms a society cannot function as a civilized society. On the other, the same sense of limit would impose more ‘don't' than ‘dos'. Entrepreneurs are different. Hem do not abide by the limits recognized by the society or they fight against these limits. CLC Locus of control There are two types of people in the world- (I) those who blame others and external situations for whatever happens with them, and those who believe that they could have done something better to avo id certain situations that happened with them. The first type of behavior of people is called ‘external locus of control' and the second ‘Internal locus of control'. It Is obvious from the definition that entrepreneurs have ‘Internal locus of control'.The sense of Internal locus of control gives tremendous to learn from failures rather than accepting fate. 0 Control of future Entrepreneurs are always in control of the situation. Their responses to the unfolding situations are more matured rather than like reactions. This gives them control over the current period as well as the future. Creators Entrepreneurs create ideas, businesses and organizations. Often they like businesses that are unique compared to the routine ones. They like challenges and deal with them in a unique or creative way.Entrepreneurs are good at startups. Need for achievement We would like to include one more characteristic over what Hofmann listed; and that is entrepreneur's need for achievemen t. Entrepreneurs do not start business for making money. Money and profits are not his primary goals. Their passion, thus, is to convert their dreams into reality. 0 Ethics This is yet another characteristic that Hofmann did not discuss. Can anything substitute ethics for a successful person? Can an entrepreneur be unethical and still make long-term success and attain his need for attainment?A true entrepreneur, since he is not driven by motives of profits but needs to achieve or do something different for getting sense of satisfaction, will demonstrate high degree of business ethics. Ethical game is necessary for a long-term player in the business of innovation. Q. 2†¦.. Business plan is a written description of the business. It is comprehensive in nature and comprises details like promoters, existing and proposed products and/or services, know-how and techniques intended to use, among others. A brief description of contents of business plan. Description of venture: For an exi sting business, the details like date of establishment, Journey over time with significant milestones, employee data, sales and profit data over time (if history is too long then selected period of say, five years' tat would be enough), organization structure, operating philosophy, vision and mission statements, and details of enabling factors are important. 0 Operations plan: Several operations have to be carried out with a view to succeed in providing products and services.The business activity must be clearly broken down into the discreet operations and details must be provided how those operations will be performed given the resources. If the operations plan fail then production plan would also automatically fail. 0 Production plan: In case of manufacturing activity, the details of technology and its ministrations, success factors, realistic assumptions regarding utilization of plant capacity supported with evidences from other businesses, processes, manpower of material and sev eral other details that can have an impact on production would become an essential part of production plan. Organizational plan: In the absence of strong organizational backing the most lucrative business can also fail measurably. Business operates in a very dynamic environment, whether internal or external. A business organization must develop capability of capturing information regarding the changing external variable that may effect the current business or future opportunities of the business. Marketing plan: A business needs to define a market in terms of geographical area or demographic details of potential customers or consumers.Market feasibility report would help in identifying the scope of business opportunity, and from that canvass, a businessman has to determine the right segment of market wherein he would like to do business. Promotion plan, distribution network and other marketing policies are useful in evaluating the potential market for the goods and services offered by the business. Financial plan: The contents of the business plan are now converted into the financial numbers to present the financial plan.The financial plan gives income statements and balance-sheets for the projected period, depreciation schedule, interest payment schedule, working capital schedule, disability schedule, cash flow statements, working capital financing schedule and schedule of funds to be raised and serviced. The financial plan also includes calculation of several ratios that are useful in the evaluation of funding options. 0 Assessment of risks: The production and marketing plans are usually prepared on he most realistic scenario.If actual scenario turns out to be better than anticipated (sales price is higher, sales quality is higher, expenses are lower, among others), then there is a positive surplus profit. But what if things do not turn out as good as estimates and cost of project goes up, cost of capital is higher, enough capital is not available, sales pri ce remain low, sales quantity is less, expenses are higher, skilled people are not available, among others. The assessment of down-side impact of risk must be assessed, if not upside reward of risk. Q. 3†¦ Answer†¦..Marketing is a function over which we can have only an influencing power but hardly any control over the outcome. Therefore, marketing function is very important especially for a new enterprise. The market analysis is done before a business plan is prepared and it is included in the business plan, I. E. , at the project phase of a proposed business. Market Assessment base, primarily aimed at checking whether there is gap between demand and supply if the product or service that will be offered by the entrepreneur is an existing product with or without modifications.In case of a new product, the market assessment at time is Just an informed evaluation of potential market. Market assessment aims at defining the market that would be most appropriate for the product and that would give strongest opportunity for the long-term growth. This involves matching the product with customer needs. This strategy of defining the market segment for you is derived from customer research and competitive analysis. 0 Impact of Market Dynamics An entrepreneur must understand the market dynamics. Conceptually, demand and supply determine the price.Demand and supply constantly change and, therefore, pricing mechanism becomes dynamic, which is called market dynamics. Several factors play a role in affecting supply and demand and thereby, the prices of products. Competitors' price, income level, employment level, inflation, production level, government policies and a host of other factors individually and collectively affect the pricing of a product. 0 Achieving Market Acceptance The proof of success is finally in attaining the sales level at profitable conditions. The essence of it is in achieving market acceptance of products and services.Start-ups eave a greater risk in achieving market acceptance than the firms already in business. However, for the existing business too market acceptance of a new product is risky. 0 Day-to-Day Operation There are several aspects of day-to-day operations. Procurement, storage, production, transportation, inventory holding, sales, collections, maintenance, man-management and several other functions together can make operations possible. In today's world, management of information technology is also a matter of daily operations. However, we will discuss only two important aspects of day to- day operations here.They are namely, (I) procurement of material-inventory and (it) use of information technology. Strategies for Growth The issue of growth is strategic in nature, therefore, it involve strategic thinking, and hence, application of SOOT analysis. A SOOT analysis model must suit the need for answering a particular question, which is related to either direction of growth or rate of growth or strategy for gr owth. Strategic models are described and their applications are explained in each of these fields of strategic decisions in the following sections of this unit.Growth Direction Decision Synergy is the measure of an effect on the net benefits of combining more than one activity. Synergy is said to exist when the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. The presence of some strength and its best fit with available opportunities are essential for creating a positive synergy. For the growth direction issue the synergy is searched in the areas of product and market. A SOOT analysis on these two parameters can give a quick idea about the value creating growth alternatives.

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind essays

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind essays Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind As an entertainment medium the feature film has advanced exponentially over the last 150 years .The advent of sound and later color have made the feature film an ever more immersing experience. Now the dawning of the era of digitalisation and seemingly endless possibilities in the realm of computer special effects complicate the auteurs struggle to produce a successful film. They must break through mediocrity to achieve critical and public acclaim. Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is a successful film both critically praised and well received by the public although largely unnoticed in comparison to the mammoth of a Hollywood blockbuster. From what basis then shall one measure a film to be successful? Its merits as a piece of artistic expression or its popularity? Eternal Sunshine doesnt rely heavily on modern computer effects and rather opts to minimize computer usage in place of clever camera wizardry. Italian director Michel Gandrys vision involved the use of longer takes and an eccentric narrative straying from generic conventions. Joel and Clementines relationship is romantic film territory and the themes of memory and technology stock sci-fi staples. The appeal of most modern blockbusters lies in the overblown budget and photo-perfect special effects. A true example of style over substance, spectacle often distracts or takes prevalence to the quality of narrative. However with Eternal Sunshine Gondry holds the reigns of balance, managing to deliver a surrealistic cinematic delight while keeping his direction true to the requirements of the plot. Joel and Clementines relationship is still the focus of his movie and the dreamy world created by Joels memories doesnt diverge from but rather consolidates their fractured relationship through Joels interactions with Clem in his mind. His m...

Non Verbal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Non Verbal Communication - Essay Example Examples of non-verbal communication are with the inclusion of eye contact, vocal nuance, gestures, intonation, facial expressions, proximity, glance, smell, posture, and sounds among others. From a broader perspective non-verbal language is divided into two kinds. These are; those non-verbal messages that are generated from the body and the non-verbal messages that emanate from the broad setting like space, time and silence. This communication form is a major factor of the vital factors of communication and it is highly essential in high-context cultures. (andrews.edu, 2011) Merits of Non-verbal Communication Applications of this communication kind are numerous and several are mentioned in this aforementioned website. These include the use of non-verbal communication to accent verbal messages, repeat verbal messages, regulate interactions, substitute verbal messages, and complement verbal messages. Accenting may refer to the utilisation of non-verbal communication like verbal tones. One can repeat verbal messages in a non-verbal way like frowning to show disgust. Regulation of interactions may refer to the scenario where non-verbal cues may be used to indicate to a person when they should speak or stop speaking. Substituting of verbal communication may applicable in situations like a noisy environment that blocks verbal communication resulting to usage of gestures to pass on messages. Lastly, complementing may be a situation like the usage of hand gestures to stress points that have been communicated verbally. (andrews.edu, 2011) Non-verbal communication is very vital. In actual sense it came into use before verbal communication. It is actually referred to as silent type of language which is normally not formally taught and which came into existence way before the invention of language. It is a universal kind of communication, though it may differ with certain cultures, apart from the persons that are autistic. According to Calero, in his book, non-verbal comm unication was in use way before the invention of formal spoken languages. In fact he puts it as thousands of years. Despite the fact that this form of communication has not had a lot of researchers interest, it has been in use by many populations across the globe as way of communicating attitudes, thoughts, notions and emotions. Despite its having been a major form of communication in the world for a long time, people have not taken time to research on the meanings portrayed by this form of communication as Calero puts it in his book. (Calero, 2005 pp1, 2) Non-verbal communication is very important in every day’s communication. Most people consider it as a form of distinct speech and that it is basically applied in the passing of the message of interpersonal relationships and emotion. Thus, it can be said to speak louder than words. However, it is very essential to note the fact that non-verbal communication has to go in tandem with speech or verbal forms of communication. Th ey cannot generally be separated, but artificially it is a possibility. By artificially, it means that use of non-verbal communication like gestures (such as hand gestures) may also be viewed as the usage of words as audible ways of sending messages. Non-verbal communication is, therefore, seen as a very integral part of the normal natural language that humans use. (nortonmedia.com, 2011) Negativities of Using Non-verbal Communication Various forms of non-verbal com

PROJECT and investment report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PROJECT and investment report - Essay Example This trend is majorly visible in China. In India, although there are strong government regulations against the practice of consuming wine, the young generation of the country are increasingly showing greater interest towards wine drinking. This paper presents a comparative study of the social-economic, political and financial conditions of two countries, India and China. Based on the information revealed, a particular country is chosen in which an Australian wine producing firm might invest for making international expansion. 2. Market Research Market size and potential growth Country China India Potential demand Drinking wine is one of the oldest traditions in China. This tradition can be dated as long as 5000 years back in the history of the country to. Brewing was a dominant industry in China. Wine made from food grains (such as rice) and grapes are the most favourite drinks for the people of China. This shows that the potential demand for wine in the country is quite high. Recent studies reveal that wine consumption by the population of China is showing an increasing trend over the period of last ten years. According to various researchers, consumption of wine by the Chinese would almost become double of the current figure (UPENN, 2012). Pattern of changes in the society as well as the economy has been the major thrust behind the changing trends in wine consumption in China. The market for wine in India is changing. The rise of the retail industry and the growing middle class in India acts as a catalyst to the growth of wine industry in the country. According to recent research, wine consumption in India reflects tremendous growth since the beginning of the 21st century. Wine market in India has increased by almost 30 percent between 2003 and 2010. As a result of globalization, India has been exposed to western culture. The middle class in the country is fast accepting and adapting to the western fashion. Although India does not have a heritage of drinking wine, practice of wine consumption is increasing, particularly, in social occasions. In the past, only the males in elite class used to patronize wine drinking culture. However, presently, the high income middle class is gradually becoming a loyal customer base for wine sellers. Costs Cost of the product is determined by the cost of the raw material used in the production of the good and cost of other inputs. Grapes are one of the major ingredients used in wine production. China has grape vines covering 1.25 million acres. Half of the produce is dedicated for the production of wine (G. G. Brostrom and J. Brostrom, 2008). Since there is adequate availability of grapes in China and cheap labour is also available, costs of producing wine in China is not very high. In India, the government protects the domestic wine industry against competition from foreign producers. Although cheap labour is available in abundance, other ingredients, such as grapes, are costly. This makes cost of produ cing quality wine quite high in India. Sellers often discriminate among the target customers with regard to pricing policies. While prices of certain products are lowered to attract more customers, while prices of premium brands are kept high. The premium products are generally consumed by the rich customers, who have a taste for wine developed through consuming wine over a long period of time. Degree of competitiveness China is emerging as a super market for global

Physics lab A Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physics A - Lab Report Example Then timing of 50 oscillations followed together with recording of the attained results. Second step entailed repetition of the initial step but with varying lengths (0.8m, 1.0m, 1.2m, 1.4m and 1.6m) coupled with recording oscillations after every 25 vibrations instead of 50 as it was in the first procedure. This experiment entailed hanging the spring instead of string from the support with varying masses at its base (0.1kg, 0.2kg, 0.3kg, 0.4kg and 0.5kg). Then displacing each mass in turn from their middle positions, measuring their displacements and tabulating them in a table. The application of these experiments is immensely in the fabrication sectors where engineers construct diverse models to come up with refined designs meant to construct real machines and objects. This is to minimize losses, which could have occurred if the specialists ignored small tests in determining how the real design will

Summary and strong respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summary and strong respond - Essay Example Several states have been on the move to completely do away with the use of the death penalty while in other states actions have been taken to limit its use. For example, The United States is one country where use of the death penalty has been highly controversial and greatly debated (Walker 10). Capital punishment has no confirmable preventive effect but in real sense, it has caused loss of life, and this may contribute to a cycle of violence that raises murder rates. This loss is brought about when a person kills another, the convicted person is killed, and this shows how the death penalty is costly more than keeping convicted murderers in prison for life. There has been a number of cases where innocent people have been condemned wrongfully due to lack of enough evidence. This has led to several innocent people being executed because there has been no standard guidelines regarding which criminal would receive a death sentence. Defendants who were poor, a member of a minority group, uneducated, or mentally ill received the death penalty more often than those who did not fit these characteristics (Walker 12). In the past, some states allowed the capital punishment for crimes such as rape, criminal assault, kidnapping, forgery, concealing the death or birth of an infant, and arson. Each state has the death penalty that is used in cases of the first murder degree. This system of capital punishment entrenches different states to be obsessed with killing people. It teaches the lesson that some people may kill others willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation as long as they are the right people doing it for the right reasons in the rig ht manner ( Bedau 10). It is true that such killings as a punishment are not necessary, since there are several well established alternative methods of punishment including long-term imprisonment that is used by most states worldwide. Those who argue for the capital

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus Discuss the possible role of psychological factors throughout the course of an illness: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Health psychology is a topical development in the integration of biomedical and social sciences in health care. It addresses the role of psychological factors in the cause, progression, and outcome of health and illness (Ogden, 2007). Psychological theories can guide health education and promotion, and offer the health care practitioner a structured approach to understanding and meeting the health needs of health and social care service users (Morrison and Bennett, 2009). The appraisal of health psychology models can assist practitioners in evaluating their contribution to service users understanding of health, behaviours relating to health and the practice of health care. Appraisal and evaluation enable health care workers to apply psychological models and theories when analysing aspects of health and behaviour relevant to practice (Marks et al, 2005). The ethos of health psychology is that of treating the ‘whole person, not just the physical adaptations that transpire associated with illness. This might embrace behaviour change, urging modifications in beliefs, and coping strategies, and acquiescence with medical advice. As the ‘whole self is treated, the individual becomes to a certain extent responsible for their treatment. For example, an individual may have a responsibility to take medication, and to change beliefs and behaviour. Therefore, the individual is no longer seen as a victim. From this viewpoint, health and illness are on a continuum. Instead of being either healthy or ill, individuals may move on along a continuum from healthiness to illness and back again. Health psychology also argues that the mind and body act together. It perceives psychological issues as not only potential effects of illness, but as adding to all the phases of health, from maximum healthiness to illness (Morrison and Bennett, 2009). Health psychology is concerned primarily with intrinsic factors, especially individual perceptions of health-related behaviour. Health behaviour, defined as behaviour related to health status, is becoming increasingly important. Public health policy has increased the emphasis on individual responsibility and choice and because of this; there is a corresponding need to improve understanding of individual motivations that affect those choices and health-related behaviours (Marks et al, 2005). The health behaviours studied by psychologists are varied, but the most commonly studied health behaviours have immediate or long-term implications for individual health, and are partially within the control of the individual (Ogden, 2007). Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, is a serious and progressive disease. It is chronic in nature and has no known cure. It is the fourth most common cause of death in most developed countries (UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group, 1998a). Although no exact figures are available, it has been suggested that by the year 2010 there would be 3.5 million people with diabetes in the United Kingdom (UK). However, approximately 750,000 of the estimated number may be undiagnosed (Diabetes UK, 2008a). Diabetes UK campaigns to raise awareness of type 2 diabetes because if left undiagnosed, the condition can result in long-term complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. The total number of people with diabetes has increased by 75% over the last six years and the incidence in the UK is escalating at a faster rate than in the United States (Gonzà ¡lez et al,2009). There is a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes in people with South Asian or African descent (Department of Health, 2007). One of the reasons for this is thought to be that these ethnic groups have increased insulin resistance. Signs of type 2 diabetes are already present in UK children of South Asian and African-Caribbean origin at ten years of age, according to research funded jointly by the British Heart Foundation and the Wellcome Trust (Whincup et al,2010). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases with age to as much as one in ten in those aged 65 years. The lifetime risk of developing the condition in the UK is greater than 10% (Leese, 1991). Diabetes-related complications can have a major effect on the individual and family members, and are costly to the patient. A study undertaken by Bottomley (2001) examined the costs of living of patients with diabetes complications, including taking time off work and transport costs for hospital appointments. The study showed that the cost of treating someone with type 2 diabetes with microvascular and macrovascular complications was  £5,132 compared to  £920 for someone who does not have diabetes-related complications (Bottomley 2001). This also has implications for the National Health Service (NHS) in terms of the financial burden of managing and treating the condition and the use of resources. It has been estimated that the cost of treating diabetes nationally adds up to approximately 9% of the NHS annual budget, although most of that is used to treat associated long-term complications, such as kidney failure, blindness, amputations and organ transplantation, rather than the provision of medication (Bottomley, 2001). With regard to type 2 diabetes, psychological theories and models have a long history of informing attempts to change behaviour and improve emotional well-being. Over recent years, many clinical guidelines in the UK by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) have included recommendations for psychological interventions for long-term conditions. Evidence-based recommendations have been made not only for the treatment of associated mental health problems such as depression and anxiety (NICE, 2009; NICE, 2004) but also for physical health conditions such as obesity (NICE, 2007) and changing behaviour related to public health issues such as smoking and lack of exercise (NICE; 2007). The aim of this essay is to explore the psychological implications for a person suffering from type 2 diabetes and others involved in the experience of that illness. Type 2 diabetes, is caused as the result of reduced secretion of insulin and to peripheral resistance to the action of insulin; that is, the insulin in the body does not have its usual biological effect. It can often be controlled by diet and exercise when first diagnosed, but many patients require oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin in order to maintain satisfactory glycaemic control and prevent the complications of diabetes (Diabetes UK, 2008a). To reduce the risk of long-term complications, both macrovascular and microvascular, people with type 2 diabetes need access to appropriate, individualised education, which informs them about the risks associated with the condition. Information relating to lifestyle changes such as healthy eating, increasing activity levels, and smoking cessation are vital (Diabetes UK, 2008a). Some people accept their diagnosis of diabetes and all that this means, and manage to adapt to their new lifestyle, but others find it difficult. Changes will need to be made to the type of food they eat, the amount they eat of particular foods and perhaps to the time at which they eat their meals. As a consequence of the required changes to lifestyle, it is not surprising that many people need some professional psychological support (Diabetes UK, 2008a). Diabetes may have an impact on peoples careers, driving, and insurance policies (life, driving, and travel). Difficulties surrounding holidays, work or travel abroad may prove insurmountable without support. People with diabetes who are also caring for others, for example children or elderly relatives, may find it very difficult to put themselves first (Diabetes UK, 2008a). Some people who have been diagnosed as having diabetes feel that they have been condemned to a life where everything has to be planned. There are, however, support networks available. For example Diabetes UK, a charity that supports people with diabetes, their families and the health professionals who care for them, has local and regional branches where people can meet and discuss problems and learn from each other how they manage their day-to-day-life (Diabetes UK, 2008a). The majority of people with type 2 diabetes are insulin resistant. Obesity exacerbates insulin resistance. As many as 80% of people with type 2 diabetes are obese at the time of diagnosis (Marks, 1996). Weight loss not only improves insulin resistance, but also lowers blood glucose, lipid levels, and blood pressure. Cardiovascular disease is often present in people with type 2 diabetes. The presence of insulin resistance accelerates atherosclerosis, leading to macrovascular complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. The mechanisms responsible for this are thought to be hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension (Garber, 1998). However, microvascular problems such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy still occur. The mechanism responsible is thought to be hyperglycaemia (Garber, 1998). Therefore, good blood glucose control is of crucial importance. Although the prognosis for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus is less than favourable, evidence has shown that making major lifestyle changes, such as having a healthy diet, smoking cessation, and increasing activity levels, can reduce the risk of long-term complications (UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group, 1998a). However, using the threat of long-term complications as a means of inducing lifestyle or behaviour changes has not proved to have any prolonged beneficial effect (Polonsky, 1999). Continued support and appropriate education is required to empower individuals to take charge of their condition and make appropriate and timely therapeutic decisions. The healthcare professional and the individual must decide on the most appropriate treatment regimen to provide optimum care and the best medical outcome (Marks et al, 2005). NICE published a document in 2008 entitled ‘CG66: Type 2 diabetes which recommended that all people with diabetes should be offered structured educat ion, provided by a trained specialist team of healthcare professionals (NICE, 2008). The utilisation of theoretical health psychology models can assist these specialist team practitioner in empowering individuals with type 2 diabetes to contemplate and instigate the changes in lifestyle behaviours such as smoking, lack of exercise and unhealthy eating habits that have adverse consequences on long-term health outcomes. With regard to health psychology, as previously mentioned, health psychology is concerned primarily with intrinsic factors, especially individual perceptions of health-related behaviour. Attributing health-related behaviours to internal or external factors has been discussed in relation to the concept of a health locus of control. Individuals differ as to whether they regard events as controllable by them (an internal locus of control) or uncontrollable by them (an external locus of control) (Ogden, 2007). Accessing diabetes related health services for testing or treatment could be viewed from either perspective. The healthcare professional is perceived to be a powerful individual who can diagnose and treat diabetes (external); however, by accessing services the individual is taking responsibility for determining their own health status (internal). It is useful for the healthcare practitioner to consider that in attending diabetic health services the individual has made an initial st ep in taking control of their own health needs (Marks et al, 2005). Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to act in concordance with advice from a health professional than those with an external locus of control (Ogden, 2007). Knowing this can assist practitioners in their communication style with individuals who have type 2 diabetes. Identifying the specific needs of the individual, by understanding their locus of control, can help the healthcare practitioner to tailor the assessment (Marks et al, 2005). When an individual has a sense of responsibility for actions or behaviours that exposed them to a potential risk of diabetic complications, the practitioner can work on exploring the circumstances that surrounded those behaviours. The individual may already feel motivated to change these circumstances. In the case of a client who does not recognise that their own behaviour or actions were a contributory factor in posing a risk of behaviour related complications, the practitioner should focus on developing the individuals leve l of awareness to shift their locus of control from the external to the internal. For example, the individual who perceives that taking responsibility for healthy eating use is always that of their partner (Ogden, 2007). Self-management for chronic illnesses such as type 2 diabetes requires adherence to treatment regimens and behavioural change, as well as the acquisition of new coping strategies, because symptoms have a great effect on many areas of life (Glasgow, 1991; Kravitz et al,1993). For many individuals, optimum self-management is often difficult to achieve, as indicated by poor rates of adherence to treatment, reduced quality of life, and poor psychological wellbeing, effects that are frequently reported in several chronic illnesses (Rubin and Peyrot, 1999). Self-management interventions aim to enable individuals to take control of their condition and be actively involved in management and treatment choices. In the 1980s, psychological theory was applied to develop theoretical models and their constructs have had a particular effect on the development of self-management interventions. The Health Belief Model (Becker 1974) defines two related appraisal processes undertaken by the healthcare practitioner in partnership with an individual: the threat of illness and the behavioural response to that threat. Threat appraisal involves consideration of the individuals perceived susceptibility to an illness and its anticipated severity. Behavioural response involves considering the costs and benefits of engaging in behaviours likely to reduce the threat of disease. It can be useful for the healthcare practitioner to establish the clients perception of risk and implications of their adverse health behaviours when discussing the reasons for healthy eating, increasing exercise, and smoking cessation. It is also important to discuss the likely impact of diabetes on the individuals lifestyle and behaviour (Marks et al, 2005). The Health Belief Model can be applied to evaluate the risk of lifestyle changes. The healthcare professional can initiate structured discussion with the individual to identify their educational needs, particularly around developing a realistic understanding of risk factors associated with diabetes and unhealthy eating habits, lack of exercise and smoking. It is important for the healthcare practitioner to discuss the efficacy of changes in the above in prevention of diabetic complications, while discussing other methods of behaviour modification in context (Marks et al, 2005). It is also important to establish that the individual feels confident in the practicalities of and behavioural change. Therefore, the healthcare practitioner must support the diabetic in behaviour change by giving practical health education advice on the issues of healthy eating, the benefits of exercise and the importance of giving up smoking (Marks et al, 2005). The Protection Motivation Theory (Rogers 1975, 1983) expands the Health Belief Model to include four components that predict behavioural intentions to improve health-related behaviour, or intention to modify behaviour. These include self-efficacy, responsive effectiveness, severity, and vulnerability. In social cognitive theory, behaviour is thought to be affected by expectations, with individuals confidence in their ability to perform a given behaviour (self-efficacy) particularly important (Bandura, 1992). Therefore, self-efficacy can be said to be the belief in ones ability to control personal actions (Bandura, 1992), and is comparable with the concept of internal locus of control. It is based on past experience and evokes behaviour concordant with an individuals capabilities. Self-efficacy is distinct from unrealistic optimism and does not elicit unreasonable risk-taking (Ogden, 2007). Within the context of smoking and diabetes, an example of self-efficacy might be, ‘I am c onfident that I can take responsibility for protecting myself from increasing the risk of further complications by giving up smoking. This concept has been used in self-management interventions through the teaching of skills, such as problem solving and goal setting, to increase self-efficacy. Again, in type 2 diabetes, this could mean the acquisition of knowledge relating to healthy eating principles and putting that knowledge into practice by avoiding foods that would make the blood glucose rise quickly. The goal would be to incorporate this behaviour into daily life on a long-term basis (Marks et al, 2005). Behavioural intention can also be predicted by severity, for example: ‘Diabetes will have serious implications for my health and lifestyle, but conversely, ‘Good blood glucose control will decrease the risk of diabetic complications. The fourth predictor of behavioural intention is vulnerability, which in the context of diabetes may be the likelihood of cardiovascular disease or diabetic retinopathy occurring. Rogers (1983) later suggested a fifth component of fear in response to education or information as a predictor of behavioural intention. The concepts of severity, vulnerability, and fear outlined in Protection Motivation Theory relate to the concept of threat appraisal, as discussed in the context of the Health Belief Model. Self-efficacy and response effectiveness, on the other hand, relate to the individuals coping response, which is the behaviour intention. If a person has self-efficacy and perceives benefits in taking control of their actions (response effectiveness), they are likely to have the intention to modify their behaviour to reduce health risks (Ogden, 2007). Information or education that influences an individuals emotional response can be environmental (external influence, such as advice from a health professional), or interpersonal (relating directly to past experience). Information and education contribute to an individuals self-efficacy. This in turn helps develop a robust internal locus of control and will inform and/or contribute to the individuals coping response (Marks et al, 2005). The coping res ponse is considered to be adaptive (positive behavioural intention) or maladaptive (avoidance or denial). Assessment of the individuals capacity to understand and apply information and to have an adaptive response is a vital skill of the health professional. A maladaptive coping response, such as the denial of identified risk factors, has potentially serious consequences for the health of the individual (Marks et al, 2005). Successful implementation of the Protection Motivation Model can enable informed choice and empower the individual to take personal responsibility and control of behaviours influencing their health (Morrison and Bennett, 2009). Skilled questioning and the use of checking skills by the healthcare professional following information-giving are important to evaluate the benefit, if any, to the individual with diabetes (Ogden, 2007). Readiness to change is a concept derived from Prochaska and DiClementes (1983) transtheoretical model. It refers to how prepared or ready individuals are to make changes to their behaviour. Interventions guided by this theory focus on individuals motivation to change and the approach is adapted according to differences in participants motivation to change behaviour. Success is achieved only when the individual is ready to take on the actions needed to change behaviour. An individual may know that smoking and type 2 diabetes are not a good combination. However, unless the person is ready to quit smoking, no amount of discussion with a healthcare professional will change the persons decision to continue smoking. Establishing an internal motivator is a good first step to assessing an individuals readiness to change, however, an individual also needs to feel that the time is right and that they are prepared to change. Readiness to change can be assessed by asking individuals, as soon as the potential problem is identified, whether they have ever attempted to change the behaviour before. Six stages of change were identified in Prochaska and DiClementes (1983) Transtheoretical model of behaviour change: Pre-contemplation; Contemplation; Preparation; Action; Maintenance and Relapse. Most people (around 60%) will be at the pre-contemplation stage when they are identified by the healthcare practitioner and will generally react in a closed way to the idea of change (Prochaska and Goldstein, 1991). They may be rebellious to the idea, they may rationalise their current behaviour or be resigned to it, or they may be reluctant to consider the possibility of change (Prochaska and Goldstein, 1991). In this situation, it is tempting to push people into making an attempt at behaviour change using their health as a motivator or by making them feel guilty. However, this is likely to prompt the individual to either lie about their behaviour or avoid the nurse completely. During the contemplation phase, it is suggested that individuals who are starting to consider change look for information about their current and proposed behaviours, and analyse the risks involved in changing or maintaining their current behaviour. The most appropriate action is to ask the individual to form alise the analytical process by undertaking a decisional balance exercise (Health Education Authority (HEA), 1996). In this exercise the person is asked to consider the positive and negative implications of maintaining or changing their behaviour. The individual then decides whether maintaining or changing the behaviour will give them increased positive outcomes, and if they are willing to attempt the change. To be at the preparation stage, individuals need to believe that their behaviour is causing a problem, that their health or wellbeing will improve if they change the behaviour, and that they have a good chance of success (Prochaska and Goldstein, 1991). Once the healthcare practitioner establishes that the individual has an internal motivator and is ready to make an attempt at behaviour change, a supportive treatment plan is needed. Individuals who are in the process of behaviour change, or who have achieved and are maintaining the new behaviour, need help to avoid relapse (Pro chaska and Goldstein, 1991). The most effective way to do this is to ask the individual to reflect on their experiences so far. Apart from taking into account the management behavioural change for those with type 2 diabetes, it is also of vital importance that there is a consideration the emotional impact of a diabetes diagnosis and living with the condition. How patients feel when presented with the diagnosis of a chronic illness such as diabetes can have an enormous impact on their lives, and on their ability to make emotional adjustments to the disease itself (Marks et al, 2005). Research has found that that the diagnosis of a chronic illness can have a strong emotional impact on individuals, with reactions of grief, denial and depression. The emotional aspects of developing and coping with diabetes can affect overall control of the disease profoundly. Similarly, these feeling may form a barrier to effective listening and learning during the consultation process and any future self-management strategies. Therefore, it is proposed that this should be taken into consideration when developing educational prog rammes and protocols for people with diabetes (Thoolen et al, 2008). Coping and adapting to a long-term chronic illness is a major theme in health psychology (Ogden, 2007). Leventhal Nerenz (1985) propose that individuals have their own common sense beliefs about their illness. These include identity: diagnosis (diabetes) and symptoms (elevated blood sugar levels, excessive hunger and excessive thirst). Perceived cause of illness: stress, a virus, unhealthy lifestyle. Time line: acute or chronic. Consequences: physical (pain, mobility problems) and emotional (lack of social contact, anxiety). Cure and control: for example by taking medication or getting plenty of rest. With regard to adapting to an illness such as diabetes, the stress coping model of Lazarus and Folkman (1984) Transactional model of stress is the concept that is most widely utilised. The model suggests that there are key factors in adaptation to chronic illness, disease-specific coping efforts, changes in illness representation over time, interaction between psychological reality of disease and affective response, procedures for coping with the disease and interaction with context. The stress coping model (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) emphasises the value of coping strategies to deal with a particular condition. Self-management strategies based on this model attempt to improve the individuals coping strategies. In type 2 diabetes, people are faced with the prospect of long-term complications caused by the condition. If people are aware of these possibilities and also that successful treatment is, available it makes a diagnosis of such problems less daunting. However, there are limitations to this model. It is debated that it is a frame of reference, not a theory that ignores specific features of the illness. The situation dimension poorly represented and it is not specific. The model also neglects interactions with context (e.g. social support, other life events) and offers no account of life goals on illness representation and coping (Ogden, 2007). It is of vital importance that stress is controlled and managed in an individual with type 2 diabetes. Research has shown a link between stress as a causal factor and that stress has been found to be a factor in regulation of blood glucose regulation. Sepa et al (2005) found that family stress has a significant impact on the and development of diabetes among infants. With regard to stress and metabolic control, research has found that stressful life events predict poor glucose control. In a study by Surwit et al, (2002) the management of stress was found to improve glucose control. Therefore, it is posited that the impact of stress can affect diabetes adversely and any interventions to manage stress may be a worthwhile component of diabetes education programs. An additional influence on coping and adapting to living with diabetes and the development of self-management strategies has come from clinical psychology, particularly Cognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBT). Central to these therapies is the importance of attempting to change how people think about their illness and themselves, and how their thoughts affect their behaviour. Depression is one of the most common psychological problems among individuals with diabetes, and is associated with worse treatment adherence and clinical outcomes (Gonzalez et al, 2010). A randomised controlled trial (RCT) undertaken by Lustman et al, (2008) found that the percentage of patients achieving remission of depression was greater in the CBT group than in the control group. Although the research found that there was no difference in the mean glycosylated haemoglobin levels of the groups post-treatment, follow-up mean glycosylated haemoglobin levels were significantly better in the CBT group than in the control group. Therefore, it is debated that the combination of CBT and supportive diabetes education is an effective non-pharmacologic treatment for major depression in patients with type 2 diabetes. It may also be associated with improved glycaemic control. It is important to note however, that certain limitation apply to the above study that may have an effect on the findings. The generalizability of the findings is uncertain. The study was limited to a relatively small number of patients. Similarly, the follow-up interval was limited to the 6 months immediately after treatment. Likewise, the researcher cannot exclude the possibility that CBT and diabetes education interacted in a way that potentiated antidepressant effectiveness; analogous interactions may have occurred in many clinical trials. Further studies comparing CBT and diabetes education, individually and in combination, are needed to answer such questions and to see whether successful CBT alone is sufficient to produce glycaemic improvement. Correspondingly, it is worth noting that patients in the CBT group had education almost a full year longer than controls. The difference in education was not statistically significant, but the extra educational experience may have contributed to improved outcome in the CBT group. Finally, treatment was administered by a single psychologist experienced in the use of CBT. Whether treatment would be as effective when administered by other therapists is uncertain. For any person with type 2 diabetes to engage in any self-management strategy, good mental health is necessary. However, studies have shown reduced self-worth and/or anxiety in more than 40% of people with diabetes (Anderson et al,2001). There are several possible reasons for this. Being diagnosed with diabetes immediately poses major concerns for the individual, including what the future holds in terms of health, finance, and family relationships. Although everyone deals with diagnosis differently, for some it can cause immediate stress, including feelings of shock or guilt. Some individuals may also be ashamed and want to keep the diagnosis a secret. Others may be relieved to know what is causing the symptoms they have been experiencing. An Audit Commission (2000) report acknowledged that: people with diabetes are more likely to suffer from clinical depression than those in the general population. The report then went on to specify that therefore, diabetes services should make expl icit provision for psychological support and should monitor the psychological outcomes of care. In conclusion, to be successful in changing behaviour to negate the complications of type 2 diabetes, individuals need to decide for themselves which behaviours are undesirable, that is, which behaviours could have negative health, financial, social or psychological implications. People with diabetes also need to feel that the negative impact of risky health behaviours will be reduced or altered if they change their behaviour. It is important that individuals have confidence in their ability to make and maintain behavioural changes. It is not the health practitioners role to make this judgement or impose his or her beliefs. To support behavioural change, healthcare professionals need to feel comfortable in discussing lifestyle behaviours. They also need to assess an individuals preparedness to make a change and identify the factors that motivate them to change. The application of health psychology models, such as the Health Belief Model, the Protection Motivation Theory and the Trans theoretical model of behaviour change, to the management process can enable healthcare practitioners to assess contributory factors to health behaviours. Applying models can also help to identify motivators and barriers to health-improving and health-protecting behaviours, and identify strategies which assist the person in behavioural change. The role of the healthcare professional is to enable individuals to make an informed choice by working in partnership with them to decide when and if behaviour change is desirable. By understanding how an individual copes and adapts to living with a long-term condition such as diabetes can assist in empowering individuals to managed stress that appears to have a negative im