Good User Interface :: essays research papers

A Good User InterfaceIntroductionThe majority of todays businesses use the internet to expand their customer base. However, there atomic number 18 several companies who will publish their site on the World Wide Web, before reviewing its substance ab user friendliness. And in doing so, they may be losing a customer, due to the poorly designed aspects of that web interface. So, what makes a website a good user interface? Which sites are examples of this, and which sites are not? In the following information, there will be descriptions, benefits, and examples of both types of interfaces. The most important aspect of a user friendly site is the zip up of loading the site. For some new surfers, a fast internet connection does not exist. Therefore, it is important to limit the graphics on a web site. Those sites that engage the home page with mostly graphics and images, may find their potential client dropping the page at 50%. An example of such a site is the following wedding photogra phy site http//www.mindysonshine.com/Its home page contains mostly digital pictures which take a while to load, before the end user can view what the photographer has to offer. Obviously, a photographers web site should contain images of their work. However, the requirement would have been better accomplished by constricting the digital images to a link off of the home page as opposed to the opening page. In doing so, a potential customer would be commensurate to open the home page to learn what services are offered, package pricing, and the studio location, prior to becoming impatient, thus moving onto another photographers site. A website with a well-designed layout is also important to users. It is their window to view what the company has to offer. If the websites layout and appearance is confusing and inefficient, most customers will simply go elsewhere. According to KarenHolman, Information specialiser for Outreach Communications and Technology, A good web site puts the need s of its users first. Her site lists the following recommendations for attaining this goalKnow your audience Who is the end user for the site?carry through the users basic questions Is the information complete and up to date?Content remains king The content answers questions, has no spelling and punctuation errors, is dated and signed, and contains a contact. paginate Design Loads quickly, presents information in first one or two pages, and limits special effects.Working links Links are tested regularly to ensure they are working.

Class difference in Blood Brothers Essay -- English Literature

How does Willy Russell demonstrate class difference in Blood Brothers?Blood Brothers was written by Willy Russell in 1985. A LiverpudlianWest military position Story twin brothers are separated at birth because theirmother cannot afford to keep them both. She gives one of them away towealthy Mrs Lyons and they grow up as friends in ignorance of theirblood relationship until the inevitable quarrel caused through classdifferences leads to the tragic outcome. In this essay, I will examinehow Willy Russell demonstrates class differences in his play BloodBrothers. I will be looking at the differences between Mrs Lyons andMrs Johnson. The differences between Eddie and rice paddy as youngchildren at the age of seven. The different police attitudes towardsEddie and Mickey. Also Mickey as a worker and Eddie as a student atuniversity, and the impact, class difference has on the end of theplay.Mrs Lyons and Mrs Johnson stomach many social differences. Mrs Lyons hasa comfortable home, and life style - the Lyons can offer Eddie a betterlife that Mrs Johnson, If my child was raised in a place like thisone, he wouldnt have to worry about where his next meal is comingfrom. They have a settled, sheltered lifestyle and security for thefuture. Mrs Lyons is over-protective and controlling, Ive told younever to go where that boy-where boys like that live. Edward haslittle license when young, and grows up with little knowledge of thereal world because, because youre not the same as him. Youre not,do you understand?Mrs Johnson however doesnt have any of this security- she lets Mickeyspend often of his time out on the streets unsupervised. She doesnthave a comfortable home and has a world of uncert... ...e easy life, because one family had more money than the other. Eddiegot to be a councillor and Mickey a redundant worker.In conclusion, Willy Russell demonstrates class difference through outhis play by using two equal boys and lay them in different households. Their lives change dramatically because of their class, each ofthem are treated differently just because of wealth and status. Mickeyand Edwards lives are partly rule by fate, they have little power tochange their lives, and their characters are trapped by socialcircumstances. The final comment is telling- And do we blamesuperstition for what came to delineate? Or could it be what we, theEnglish, have come to know as class? This forces the viewer thinkabout social class and the effect it has on our lives and whether weshould drop by the wayside class differences to effect our treatment of others.

Comparing Sir Walter Raleighs The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd to Chr

Comparing Sir Walter Raleighs The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd to Christopher Marlowes The ardent Shepherd to His Love Sir Walter Raleigh wrote The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd in 1600 to respond to Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love written in 1599. In The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, the Shepherd used double-entendres and hidden sexual images in an attempt to fast one the Nymph into performing sexual intercourse with him. The Shepherd attempted to convince the Nymph that he would bestow her the divers(a) presents and pleasures that he described, but in public his gifts only comprised of sexual meanings. However, the Nymph was exceedingly intelligent and conscious of the Shepherds hidden seductions. She was so smart, that she hastily rejected the Shepherds proposal by using the exact haggle that the Shepherd used in his request. The Shepherd in Marlowes song used disguised sexual images in hope that the Nymph would be attracted to him. The Shepherd low offered the Nymph ...valleys, groves, hills, and fields, / woods, or steepy mountain yields ( ). He hopes that the Nymph would interpret the images as places he would like to take her, but in actuality the Shepherd was describing to the Nymph the various parts and curves of her body which he would like to explore. The Nymph replies to his offer by stating The flowers do fade, and wanton fields, / to wayward winter reckoning yields ( ). Which means that things change and though the Shepherd has a sexually unrestrained body, that through time he will become headstrong and unwilling to cross the sexual pleasures. As the poem continues, the Shepherd offers the Nymph a belt of straw and ivy buds ( ). The belt and ... ... have moved you, then come live with me so that we may continue making these pleasures. The Nymph replied with If truth in every shepherds tongue/ these pretty pleasures might me move (2-3). She would be moved by what the Shepherd said if he wanted more from her than just a sexual relationship. Through reading the works by Marlowe and Raleigh its determined that the shepherd had only sexual feelings for the Nymph. The poems showed no acts of love, only sexual desires that the Shepherd was feeling and a strong sense of rejection from the Nymph. The Nymph did an extraordinary job of standing up for herself. The Shepherd failed in his aim to trick the Nymph and ended up looking like a jackass. Works CitedMarlowe, Christopher. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love. From The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Sixth ed. New York Norton, 1993.

Friar Lawrence Caused the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet Essay -- Romeo a

Romeo and Juliet The play Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespe atomic number 18 is a tragedy which tells of the sad deaths of the two lovers, Romeo and Juliet. In Verona there were two families the Montague and the Capulets who had an old argument. Their children Romeo and Juliet fall in love and because of their families old arguments can never be together. Because of Romeo s killing of Tybalt, Romeo is banished and through series of misunderstanding Romeo and Juliet take there lives at the end of the play. In this essay I am going to consider which characters are to be blame for the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliet. There are many characters who could be said to cave in some responsibility for the deaths of the two main characters, but in my opinion, Romeo himself, Friar Lawrence and the Nurse are the most responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Before I go on to discuss the character that who is to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Jul iet, I will consider what the word blame promoter the word blame means responsibility for a fault or wrong. Romeo the youngest son of the Lord and Lady Montague was in fact a major order on the events leading up to the deaths of himself and his wife Juliet. He acted too hastily throughout the play. He shouldnt have asked Juliet to marry him so suddenly, and he should have thought more carefully before rushing back to Verona after hearing of Juliets death. He also acted violently and without thinking when he killed Tybalt. In the beginning of the play, he was deeply in love with Rosaline. He was acting like he will never love any other individual in his life and when Benvolio... ...essage to Romeo. Ill sent a friar with speed to Mantua, with my letter to thy lord. It shows that it was Friar Lawrences responsibility to get the plan to Romeo and he acted as an irresponsible by just sending only one letter and not thinking that this letter will reach to Mantua or not. In expiry I think the most responsible is Friar Lawrence because he made a risky plan which led to the deaths of the two lovers. The second character that I think is the most to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet is Romeo himself, because he was too quick to fall in love, he was in love first with Rosaline then Juliet. He was making decision without thinking and too quick to act. The third character I think the Nurse, because she carried Romeo and Juliets messages and helped the two lovers to get married secretly.

Concept of Consent :: Health Care, Nursing

Recent developments in standard of care and master copy relationship with patients have made law fundamental to the study and do of nursing. At all stage of patients care, law helps bring up to date nursing practice and it is essential that nurses understand the legal and respectable implications of law in their nursing profession (Griffith and Tengrah, 2011). The purpose of this essay is to discuss the concept of consent in relation to the role of the nurse. This will aim at demonstrate ethical and legal implication of consent on nursing practice and professional working. In the Code (2008, cited in Griffith and Tengrah, 2011) the Nursing and Midwifery Council set standards for nursing professional to follow. Among the rules is the requirement of nurses to obtain consent before care is given.Consent is an issue of concern for all healthcare professional when coming in contact with patients both in a care environment or at their home. Consent must be given voluntary or freely, informed and the individual has the capacitance to give or make decisions without fear or fraud (Mental Capacity Act, 2005 cited in NHS choice, 2010). The Mental Capacity Act perceives every adult competent unless proven otherwise as in the case of Freeman V Home Office, a prisoner who was injected by a doctor without consent because of behavioural upset (Dimond, 2011). Consent serves as an agreement between the nurse and the patient, and allows any examination or treatment to be administered. Nevertheless, consent must be obtained in every occurrence of care as in the case of Mohr V William 1905 (Griffith and Tengrah, 2011), where a surgeon obtain consent to perform a procedure on a patient right ear. The surgeon found defect in the left ear of the patient and repaired it assuming he had obtained consent for both ear. The patient sued him and the approach found the surgeon guilty of trespassing. Although there is no legal requirement that states how consent should be given, how ever, there are various ways a person in care of a nurse may give consent. This could be formal (written) form of consent or implied (oral or gesture) consent. An implied consent may be sufficient for taking observation or examination of patient, while written is more suitable for invasive procedure such as surgical operation (Dimond, 2011). Furthermore, in nursing, professional may have to decide on a course of action that is ethically, legally and morally correct or acceptable by their society.

The Folly of Hypocrisy Exposed in Arms and the Man :: Arms and the Man Essays

The Folly of Hypocrisy Exposed in Arms and the Man Satire is the biting exposure of human folly which criticizes human conduct, and aims to correct it (Di Yanni 839). Moliere was the cut master of satiric comedy, and Shaw has been hailed likewise--as the Irish Moliere. In Arms and the Man, Shaw demonstrates his genius for satire by exposing the incongruities of life and criticizing the contradictions in human character. Love and war are the briny subjects of this play. Shaw addresses each, showing the disparity between how these issues are perceived and what they are in actuality. Love, of course, is often regarded in romantic terms. Raina, of Arms and the Man, is described as a young, fine-looking woman who indeed does hold to idealistic notions concerning the emotion of love. To her, the world really is a glorious world for women who loafer see its glory and men who can act in its romance (Shaw 1294, act 1). She acts as though she can continue to live in her ideal world fo rever and believes that she has found a true love in Sergius. As a couple, they put on a show for each other to prove their emotions are real. Raina says, in effect, that she is sodding(a) in Sergius company--When I think of you, I feel that I could never do a base deed, or think and ignoble thought--and he, in hers--You pass on never disappoint me, Sergius, she adds (1311, act 2). However, by the plays end, Shaw is eager to reveal that all is not as it seems with any of the characters, especially with Raina. The audience knows it, and the characters learn the truth, too. When Sergius discovers the facts about his fiance, he exclaims, You love that man . . . You allow him to make love to you behind my back, just as you treat me as your affianced husband behind his (1329, act 3). Later, he comes to the realisation that their romance is shattered. And Lifes a farce (1330, act 3). It almost seems as though the playwright himself is saying this line he speaks them to the audience a s directly as if he were on stage. For Shaw often stocked his plays full of lines in which the characters explode romantic elusions (Ervine 269). Love, though, is not the only concept around which romanticism abounds.

Differences between men and women Essay

What is the difference between males and females? We notice the contrary dressing styles, divers(prenominal) roles in the workplace and how we spend our leisure time, how we wear our emotions, and also how differently we think. But a question arises. Are males and females re solely(prenominal)y different in all aspect? The first question we ask when a baby is born is Is it a boy or a girl? Though most muckle accept most of the socially prescribed roles for the gender they were born with, some struggle against what they see as rigid and arbitrary social norms. In this essay, I will describe and give my input on the roles of human knowledgeableity and gender.Most good deal think of sex and gender as one and the aforesaid(prenominal) when in fact they atomic number 18 not. Wood, Wood, and Boyd (2005) define sex as a biological term, while gender is more commonly used to refer to the psychological and social variables associated with ones sex (p. 410). In the biological approac h, when defining the sociocultural characteristics of masculinity and femininity, cultures smack into the behaviors each gender should act upon. Males should be the dominant figure. They should be strong, competitive, be able to stand their ground, confident, and independent. Women on the other had are expected to be the exact opposite. They should be dependent, caring, encouraging, emotional, and nurturing. As children approach the age of ii or so, they start to realize the roles such as attitudes, interest, and behaviors, in which males and females are supposed to portray. This is referred to as gender typing. When understanding which roles are to be taken, then they green goddess start their development.In the psychoanalytic theory, Freud asserts that childrens thoughts about gender occur out of a clash relating to their feelings about their parents. Generally, they would like to tie a bandage between the opposite-sex parent that end up doing so with the same-sex parent in collection to settle this clash, taking on thats parents gender-related behavior and ideas. At the same time, they defer their love for the opposite-sex parent in the hope that someday they will be able to achieve a inner relationship with a partner who is similar to him or her (Wood et. al., 2005, p. 411).I can agree with Freuds psychoanalytic theory to a certain extent. Whatwould the opposite-sex parent do in a family with no boys or no girls? Would he/she take over some traits that the same-sex parent would give to the children? My mother and buzz off had four boys including myself. creation in the situation my mother was in considering there were no girls, she felt a need to rub off some of her traits to us boys. While my father taught us the game of baseball and how to mow the lawn, my mother taught us our table manners and to how to do the laundry. We shared a bond to both of our parents equally. But overall, we all feel the same way in which we inadequacy our future wive s to be close to, if not exactly like our mother.In the social learning theory, children look for role models to follow, where they imitate that person and want to be like him/her. But say if a boy started doing something that is out of his gender role, such as essay on his mothers high heels, he will be informed by his father that it is not appropriate for him to do such a thing. Psychologists say that yes imitating and reinforcing may play a part in the gender role development, but it does not offer a complete clarification of this occurrence.Lawrence Kohlbergs cognitive developmental theory suggests that an understanding if gender is a prerequisite to gender role development (1966 Kohlberg & Ullian, 1974, p. 412). This theory explains that children go through three stages that are necessary to developing the concept of gender. The first stage happens when the child is around the ages of two and three, which is gender identicalness, or the sense of being male or female. The suc ceeding(prenominal) stage occurs at four and five, which is gender stability, the understanding that boys will be boys and girls will be girls forever. Then the last stage is when the child has reached six and eight.It is know as gender intentness, or the knowledge that gender will not change, despite the clothes they wear or the activities they participate in. But Kohlberg failed to mention why m any gender-role appropriate behaviors and preferences are observed in children as young as age 2 or 3, long before gender constancy is acquired (Bussey & Bandura, 1999 Jacklin, 1989 Martin & Little, 1990, p. 412). I guess it just depends on the educational techniques used on the children. My brothers and I were taught a lot at a very young age, so we had a little bit of a head start.Like the cognitive developmental theory, Sandra Bems gender schema theory (1981) emphasizes that children begin to use gender as a way to pick up and sort out information. But the gender schema theory says tha t this process happens earlier with the gaining of gender identity other than gender constancy. Also like social learning theory, the gender schema theory indicates young children are motivated to pay more attendance to and be ingest in ways consistent with the gender-based standards and stereotypes of their culture (Wood et. al., 2005, p. 412). I think television can become a major factor in a childs behavior because they can watch shows that are unsuitable for their viewing, and while growing older they can become more fascinated with sexual natural action.When becoming sexually involved with another person, both males and females experience four phases of when engaged in sex, called the sexual response cycle. The first phase is the excitement phase, and this is alone when the female undresses for the male and the male uses verbal expressions of affection to stimulate the female. The blood flow starts pumping and the heart beats faster and faster until they reach the second pha se, which is the plateau phase. Here excitement keeps rising for the preparation of the third phase, the orgasm. While males only have one, females can have multiple. After that, everything starts to slow d accept and goes back to its unaroused state. This is cognise as the resolution phase or the tapering-off period. Sexual activity varies from culture to culture. Furthermore, what is perceived as sexually attractive in males and females may differ dramatically (Woods et. al., 2005, p. 421).Agreed, differences in attraction may occur, even with the same sex. whatsoeverones sexual orientation describes the preferences at which someone is attracted to either the opposite or that of their own sex. Studies show that males are twice as likely to be man than females. Berenbaum & Snyder (1995) say that if the androgens, or hormones that make one masculine, are too high or too low, can make the brain develop more masculine or feminine which homosexual orientation is more likely. Most of the time it is all in the genes, but other times it is that persons choice to be homosexual, evenif others may not be on the same page.Some people can be homophobic, which in my view is extremely improper. Whoever thinks that it is wrong should take a step back, let those people live their lives and start harassment about their own. I have known many people who were homophobic and it just pushed my buttons to see how cruel they can be to someone with a different sexual orientation. I do see where they are coming from, on the other hand. I do think it is weird to see two homosexual men holding hands or kissing, but I always come to an understanding that they are who they are and nothing can change that. They want to feel the comfort of another. In general, they want to love just as much as heterosexual couples do, so I praise them for that.With homosexual activity and even heterosexual activity, there comes a price if a couple chooses to have unprotected sex. There are many sexuall y transmitted diseases (STDs), but the major ones are Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, which all can be cured by antibiotics. Chlamydia and gonorrhea are critical to women because if they in fact do have any of these, they do not have any early stages of infections. Since they do not treat it on time, then it can lead to infertility.Viral STDs include genital herpes, genital warts, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which cannot be cured. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS. It attacks the immune system, and can cause cancer or other dysfunctions. In order to prevent spreading STDs one should avoid sex with multiple partners, and also use a latex condom with a spermicide.With the growing rate of STDs nowadays, and the gist of television commercials informing teenagers and adults to practice safe sex and get tested for HIV or AIDS, I do not understand why people still have unsafe sex. It is not that difficult to strap up before doing the deed or keep it in your pants, that is unless you are prepared to have a child and have been tested along with your partner.I have known many males and females who have had unprotected sex and regret ever doing so, a couple of which becoming pregnant. From their point ofview, they feel lost because they cannot support their children and give them the attention they need in order to have a secure, fulfilling childhood.

Intertestament Period

Exploring the Bible 3 October, 2011 Inter-Biblical Period 400 Years The Old Testament focuses on graven images covenant with his state and the stories of men of great faith and also men of prophecy, foretelling Christ coming. The New Testament, however, focuses on the redemption ramp. The Redemption side is Christs story here on Earth and his ministry to other raft. Malachi, the kick the bucket book write in the Old Testament, was written around 424 B. C. and so 418 years after, the book of Matthew, the first book of the New Testament, was written.The Intertestamental Period is the period of history between the two testaments. Since God did not speak to his hatful nowadays through prophets, this period is also known as the 400 years of silence. Now, what happened in those four hundred years? The Intertestamental Period was a time where many another(prenominal) empires came along, new spiritual groups formed, and where theological and literature pieces were developed that m olded Israel going into the time of Christ. Politics in a nation help dictate and psychometric test the people, in Israels case, they had to deal with many empires coming in.During the Intertestamental Period, they had five key periods of leaders and kingdoms. The Persian Empire arrived around 430 B. C. and they ruled until 332 B. C. The Persian rule was put down as being mild and tolerant. (Scott, 1783) The Persians were taken over by the Greeks. The Greek period went from 331 B. C. to 167 B. C. (Scott, 1783) Alexander the Great, son of King Philip of Macedonia, was given the control of the Greek force around the age of 20. (Halley, 402) With the control of the army, he was able to sweep over and take over Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, and Persia.Alexander the Great was very compassionate towards the Jews and he sp ard the city of Jerusalem. He established Greek cities in his conquered places and he did it with the plan to spread Greek culture and verbiage throughout the world inclu ding Israel. subsequently Alexanders death, his empire was separated to his four generals. (Halley, 402) Egypt and Palestine was given to Ptolemy and under him the conditions of the Jews were at a peaceful state. In Egypt, Alexandria was the influential center of Judaism. In 167 B. C. was the beginning of the Period of independence also known as the Maccabean period.Mattathias was a priest and he was upset at Antiochus motivation to destroy the Jews, so he gathered Jews and raised a revolt. Mattathias had five sons, Judas, Jonathan, Simon, John, and Elezar. (Halley, 404) The Maccabean period lasted until 63 B. C. and the Romans followed after. Palestine was conquered by the Romans under Pompey. Idumean was the first to be appointed ruler of Judea. His son, Herod the Great, succeeded him. (Halley, 404) Herod was a shrewd politician who wanted to occupy good with the Jews. He was very cruel and brutal towards his people.Politics and leaders are key roles in establishing a nation. I n this case, these five empires helped develop rules and guidelines that led the people and that eventually grew and prepared Israel for the coming of Christ. During the 400 years of silence, religion was another area that grew in Israel. During this time, the religion was not set up was polytheistic or monotheistic but instead it was groups of people. For example the four main groups of the religions groups or parties are Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, and Herodians.These four groups followed what they believed and chose to do whatever they wanted to do. The Pharisees is the group most people probably know because of their role in the Gospels and the fact Paul was one. They took the Law and believed it was their job to take it and to put into new conditions. (Hester, 325-326) The accepted both the Torah and tradition. The Pharisees rejected anyone who didnt live by the standards they did. On the opposite side were the Sadducees. They were the second main group and they had more pow er than the Pharisees until 70 A.D. when their temple was destroyed. (Hester, 325-326) The Sadducees consisted of the wealthy priests. They were a conservative group and they didnt try to take the Law and put into a new situation but they instead took and limited themselves to the five books of Moses. After 70 A. D, the Pharisees were the leaders of the Jewish people by giving them a phantasmal life aside from the temple. The other two parties were more political than religious groups. The Zealots were a nationalist group that opposed the Romans.Simon, one of Jesus disciples, was a Zealot. The other group, the Herodians, basically supported Herod and his dynasty and supported what he did for the nation. These four groups are the religious groups that developed the main t to each oneings and guidelines people believe until Christs ministry began. Even though religion and politics are a big part of a civilization, another key role is the literature and writing of a nation. Literature and writing in Israel or any nation is an influential part because it is what the people follow and speak.In Israel, Hebrew was the language of the Old Testament. This was the main language of religion. Latin was the language of Roman and it was commonly spoken among the people. Greek was another language and it was the language that tied the Roman Empire together. The most common language of Palestine in Jesus day was Aramaic. (Halley, 410) Most books are believed to have been written in Aramaic and translated into Greek. (Halley, 410) The Old Testament was written in Hebrew but was spoken in Greek. Septuagint is a translation of the Old Testament into Greek.The Torah was translated first. It was called the Septuagint because of the 70 translators and Septuagint means 70 in Greek. (Halley, 409) Another type of translation was Targums and they are translations of the Old Testament into Aramaic. They were first oral translations, paraphrases, and interpretations these types of lang uages and writing were influential in the organic evolution of the social status during the Intertestamental Period. Even though writing is important the question is what was the godliness being taught during this period?Theology is important because it is what the people studied and how they viewed God. The Apocrypha, is writings which the writer assumed the name of a hero long since dead, and rewrote history in terms of prophecy. (Halley, 406) Some of this included, Books of Enoch, Assumption of Moses, Ascension of Isaiah, Book of Jubilees, Psalms of Solomon, and more. These books are the books that were written by people in the period of the 400 years of silence, and they preached about the prophecies that the prophets spoke and also the birth of Christ and the end times.This theology is the close-hauled literature that the people had to connect to God and the prophecies that was spoken. All of these books spoke of Christ coming and his ministry that he will live for and preac h. The Intertestamental Period consisted of political powers overtaking each other, religious groups, and theological books and literature that preached Christ coming and that developed the nation of Israel. The political side consisted of Persian, Greek, Egyptian, the Maccabees, and the Romans. The eligious side had the Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, and Herodians and they all had different views and theories. And the language part consisted of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic. The theology piece was the Apocrypha, which re-emphasized the prophets foretelling. All these pieces and parts put together made up the Intertestamental Period and it formed Israel and it carried over into the ministry of Jesus. The 400 years of silence at last was broken, and God sent his son Jesus Christ to testify the truth and overcome the world.Work Cited Scott, J. Julius Jr. Time Between the Testaments. ESV determine Bible English meter Version. Wheaton, IL Crossway Bibles. 2008. 1783-1789. Print. Halley, Dr. Henry H. Halleys Bible Handbook with New International Version. Grand Rapids, Michigan. Zondervan Publishing House. 2000. 402-412. Print. Hester, H. I. The Heart of Hebrew History A Study of the Old Testestament. Liberty, Missouri, The Quality Press, Inc. 1962. 313-330. Print.

A Gender Gap In Math Achievement Education Essay

Is There a Gender Gap in math Achievement and How Can We Explain It?For m whatever old ages the position has been that there exists great diversion between the academic public insertion of between cypher squashs and enceinte fe manfuls, and p wileicularly inside the countries of scientific trail and math. This gender disparity in instruction within the US has been studied extensively by legion(predicate) bookmans who ingest time-tested to detect if so there atomic number 18 unconditioned capacitys in both sexes that become them hold differences in public exhibit in scientific look into and mathematics. The claims reported by Spelke ( 2005 ) argon that few adult fe viriles show the endowments required in the Fieldss of scientific discipline and mathematics, thusly there are fewer adult fe manlikes within these Fieldss. The other position is that the sex differences in these Fieldss are referable to the familial base which makes adult females have a small intrinsic attitude towards scientific discipline and mathematics.One such survey was carried out by Lawrence Summers when he was at the Harvard University. In his survey he tried to detect if there were each unconditioned capablenesss in both sexes that determined how they performed in both their faculty member and professional Fieldss in scientific discipline and technology. Apart from this research there are a many more researches that have been carried out to mensurate by how much or if there is any bio synthetic differences between the sexes that make them execute different in mathematics and scientific discipline. This paper shall discourse the being of the gender differences that fronts the differences in public presentation in scientific discipline and mathematics of dally forces and adult females.It is critical to understand the scopes why the difference in gender has been attributed to the cause in the differences in public presentation in scientific discipline and mathematics. T his paper shall look into these differences that cut across all age groups, from the school traveling to the college pupils. It has been proposed that the differences that are seen in both adult females and add forces in public presentation in scientific discipline and mathematics have been associated with the differences in gender. Despite the progresss in the modern western universe there still exist strong social heathenish functions on perceptual endures of gender and gender functions. Work force and adult females have been made to specify themselves on the footing of the distinguishable psycho uniform and behavioural sensitivities that are associated with the biological maps. Therefore this sensitivity go away drive hold forces and adult females to act different, execute different undertakings and do different picks. It is the definition of the individual in footings of maleness and womens rightist that drives them to act ad imply as they do. With such thought in soul, it becomes progressively hard to hold uniformity in public presentation in work forces and adult females at work and in faculty members.Marini, ( 2010 ) showed that so the greatest influence of this difference is the societal and heathen fluctuations that contribute to the sex differences. In her research biological differences do to some extent affect the behaviour and functions of the sexes, but it is the societal facets that have the greatest part to these differences. The societal structural agreement has made adult females and work forces base their thought and cognitive abilities on biological differences ( Baker & A Jones, 2006 ) . This so means that we are normally under the influence of our societal and cultural assignments that define who we are and what we muckle or can non make.The American familiarity has defined and stratified the functions of the gender. It is this assignment of functions by the inn that influences the grade to which the sexes addition and rule the resources they have. Often our society has been specifying functions and responsibilities of the sexes based on gender class, for this ground gender differences exist within this society. The society has a strong influence on how work forces and adult females perform in scientific discipline and mathematics because it defines what function, responsibility or assignment is to be fulfilled by each ( Marini, 2010 ) . The adult male in society is superior to the adult females and is assigned tougher functions and responsibilities he is seen as the supplier, defender, more bright and has higher rational facets than the adult females ( western United States & A Zimmerman, 2007 ) .It is this societal facet that has given the adult male a male advantage and accordingly expected him to execute better at scientific discipline and mathematics. For this ground the instructors will handle male childs and misss otherwise in scientific discipline and mathematics categories. The ground bein g such countries of academic survey have been held as hard and ambitious, and merely the work forces can accomplish such feasts ( Baker & A Jones, 2006 ) . The instructor will so do the male child life they need to execute good in these countries and will give their attending and resources to them. On the other manus the instructor will give the miss the perceptual visit that it is non incorrect for them to neglect in the topics, because the instructor does no anticipate them to execute good in these topics. Such positions are still woven in an elaborate way in society where the society and the household influence the type of work and profession work forces and adult females would take.In Marini ( 2010 ) , adult females are frequently back up to take up academic classs and topics that would take them in fostering callings of nursing, instruction and secretarial. Such callings and professions were seen as befitting adult females and give adult females a opportunity to take att ention of her household. Mean maculation the Fieldss of scientific discipline and engineering are left to the work forces, this is because they are perceived to hold the rational capableness to manage the complex mathematics and advanced thoughts behind the Fieldss.It is being noted that there is increased diminution in the differences in scientific discipline and mathematics callings and professions between the genders as we get under ones skin more adult females within these Fieldss. Recent research workers have shown that while the construction within the these Fieldss have changed with more adult females being raise at the helm of such countries, there is still gender stratification in the high school degree, this can be found within surveies like ( Leahey & A Guo, 2001 Entwisle, Karl & A Olson, 2004 Spelke, 2005 Gallagher & A Kaufman, 2005 Baker & A Jones, 2006 ) . This difference in gender public presentation has been attributed to the perceptual experience that mal e childs and misss receive different attendings from their instructors in mathematics categories. This has created the gender spread within the academic Fieldss in America that have driven the differences in public presentation in scientific discipline and mathematics.The survey by Leahey and Guo ( 2001 ) tried to demo the extent of the gender differences in mathematics and particularly the different countries like geometry and logical thinking. It has been found that there is a male advantage for those pupils traveling to college within the field of mathematics. In their research they showed that males have a higher public presentation in mathematics in the high school degree and particularly in the college entryway test. The ground why this has been tested is because the high school mathematics has been the key to the pick in faculty members in the college degree and accordingly affects subsequently pick in profession.The ground why the American society has seen cardinal differen ces in occupational segregation and gender socialisation in the populace sector is due to the gender differences in mathematics public presentation. In Leahey and Guo ( 2001 ) we find that this occupational segregation begins in high school mathematics where the scholastic aptitude trial ( SAT ) mathematics is performed better by male than the female. This is the comparable for the American College Test ( ACT ) mathematics subdivision that is performed better by the male.The same position is held by Entwisle, Karl and Olson ( 2004 ) , who have argued that the being of this disparity has been the cause of the differences within the callings and professional Fieldss. In their analysis it is the differences in the experiences of the male and female that is a beginning of the difference in public presentation in mathematics. The thought is that due to the school surroundings, male childs and misss will execute otherwise in these topics. They tried to demo this difference existed based on a comparing on undecomposable as compared to the high school experience. In their survey they disc overed that the experiences the male childs and misss had while in school affected their public presentation in mathematics.This experience was driven by the school environment where the instructors, disposal, parents and other pupils determine the public presentation in scientific discipline and mathematics. The pupils have been seen to be under the influence of their parents on the pick of topics, calling and accordingly public presentation. A parent who teaches their kids that they failed in scientific discipline and mathematics and hence does non anticipate the kids to make any better is a factor. Teachers who overly have biased positions towards misss and scientific discipline and mathematics besides drive down the public presentation of such misss. In the school state of affairs equal force per unit area is besides a major driver of public presentation in scientific discipl ine and mathematics.Entwisle, Karl and Olson ( 2004 ) merely showed that there were experiences from the school and vicinity resources that affected the development of mathematical accomplishments in the pupils. In their survey they revealed that there were contextual facets in the environment that affected the mathematical accomplishments in the male childs more than those in the misss. Male childs are able to react more to the resources in the vicinity than misss can, I the physical process they develop different accomplishments than the misss. Such accomplishments obtained from their milieus have been associated with the mathematical competence of male childs. The ground being that boys spend more of their clip in the vicinity than misss hence they are able to pull experience from their milieus than misss.This is because the society limits the geographic expedition capablenesss in misss while it encourages male childs to research more. This is the same position that is held by wolfram & A Zimmerman, ( 2007 ) that shows that the Sociocultural facets influences male childs to research their environment more so the misss. Male childs are given the freedom to research and play around the vicinity, while misss were encouraged to remain at place. It is this geographic expedition that helps boys to develop better spatial and numerical abilities that see them execute better in mathematics. The experience within the vicinity and their milieus assist them farther develop their spacial accomplishments more than misss. Spatial accomplishments can merely develop if one is able to pattern them frequently, where the best clownish to make so is in the field.This difference in accomplishments is besides explained by Leahey and Guo ( 2001 ) , who showed that both misss and male childs have different mathematical accomplishments. Males have an advantage over misss in certain mathematical countries like their ability to quantitatively ground and do usage of spacial visu al image abilities ( Gallagher & A Kaufman, 2005 ) . This same spacial accomplishments and concluding capablenesss are obtained by the male childs from their environment in which they are allowed to play in. since the misss do non hold the same equal playing field their logical thinking and spacial accomplishments are non good developed like those of the male childs. The same explains why males have better mathematical logical thinking and geometry accomplishments than misss. Leahey and Guo ( 2001 ) besides supported Entwisle, Karl and Olsonaaa?s ( 2004 ) theory with the determination that it is at the simple degree that these accomplishments are developed. The conducive factor is the socialisation procedure that the misss and male childs go through as they develop and learn at the simple age.Apart from socialisation the differences in mathematics public presentation has besides been associated with the cognitive differences in males and females. It has been argued that it is these cognitive differences that have enabled work forces to execute better at mathematics than adult females. Spelke ( 2005 ) associated this knowledge to the ability for work forces from the beginning to concentrate on objects that make them able to larn mechanical systems. As was seen by other surveies, Spelke ( 2005 ) besides supports that the spacial, concluding and numerical differences in work forces give them the ability to manage mathematical jobs. This is the 2nd factor that affects the cognitive differences between work forces and adult females. Another decisive factor is the variableness of the knowledge of males that give them that border needed in mathematics.It has been propose that the ground males perform better in mathematics is due to the sensitivity for them to larn about objects and the mechanical interactions in them from an early age. This sensitivity tends to do the adult females to switch towards larning about people and their emotional interactions. This interac tion is seen more in ulterior life at the ages of school traveling kids instead than in babies ( Spelke, 2005 ) . This can be attributed to the socialisation of the kid that will do them levitate towards their gender assigned drama playthings and play subjects. Spelke ( 2005 ) proved that when speech production of the difference in knowledge there is no pronounced differences between babies.These disparities can be explained by the factors that are at drama when male childs and misss are developing. It is a complex state of affairs if knowledge is to be associated with the differences in mathematical public presentation of male childs and misss ( Gallagher & A Kaufman, 2005 ) . Given the same experience misss and male childs will get the same accomplishments and cognition in mathematics, demoing that knowledge and biological temperament has nil to make with the differences. This can merely be explained by Williams, Birke and Bendelow ( 2003 ) where the factors at drama are the impl icit in interplay of biological capablenesss and environmental influences. This interplay of factors is the determiner of how the cognitive and accomplishments abilities in mathematics of work forces and adult females develop and accordingly differ. It is the society that has the greatest impact on the differences between male childs and misss public presentation in mathematics.The socialisation interactions of both male childs and misss are the ground why their cognitive abilities develop different signifier each other. Towards this terminal, Williams, Birke and Bendelow ( 2003 ) supports old surveies that have shown that the socialisation procedure is the predominate determiner of the differences in public presentation in mathematic. They have shown that there exist different interventions for both male childs and misss in our society from the place, school and workplace. In the procedure our gender is under the influence of civilization, where gender functions and responsibilitie s are defined by the same civilization. The position is that it is the societal statements that fuel scientific positions that so there are gender disparities in spacial and cognitive abilities of the sexes.Harmonizing to West and Zimmerman ( 2007 ) , it is the facet of work forces and adult females making gender functions and seeking to carry through gender that gives the differences in accomplishment in mathematics. The facet of seeking to be gender gives the work forces and adult females the ability to develop competences and recognize productivity that is based on the societal restraints. The societal construction thrusts worlds to hold a perceptual experience, interactions, and accomplishments that are based on societal complexnesss. This societal facet influences the unconscious determination by may adult females to go forth scientific discipline and mathematics callings and take up other Fieldss.Such societal complexnesss define how adult females and work forces perceive them selves in footings of their calling and professional development. The outlook of those who accept stop up in the Fieldss of scientific discipline and mathematics is that they have to set in more hours in the office, where they have to hold flexible agendas that can react to the eventualities of their occupations. Within his model, the callings in scientific discipline and mathematics will drive them to demo a continued attempt in their life rhythm, where the head is invariably working on jobs during and after working hours ( Summers, 2005 ) . The image promoted is that such callings drive work forces and adult females to demo a high degree of loyalty to the work. For this ground, many work forces are ready to give this committedness with fewer adult females preferring to take up callings that can give them clip for the household. With such a perceptual experience in topographic point many misss will pay less attending to mathematics as compared to the male childs, giving the diffe rences in public presentation ( Summers, 2005 ) .This societal perceptual experience of what one should anticipate if they follow a certain field has been one of the drive forces behind the differences in public presentation of work forces and adult females. Work force from an early age are expected to carry through their masculine functions as the suppliers and defenders. For this ground, the determination is that work forces will take up callings and professions that can reflect this. Like was seen in West & A Zimmerman ( 2001 ) and Marini ( 2010 ) . These pigeonholing functions are still present in modern America and have been described extensively by Summers ( 2005 ) as the cause of the pick of callings by adult females. Such gender stereotyping besides influences how work forces and adult females perform in mathematics and scientific discipline. With a deficiency of involvement in scientific discipline and mathematics as a calling for the adult females, many will non set much attempt in these academic countries. Their involvement will be in the societal, linguistic communication and art faculty members where they excel and seek to hardly acquire a base on balls in the scientific discipline and mathematics countries. Often the society will wonder and inquire at adult females who excels in these Fieldss, with remarks to the consequence that she is tough being directed to her.It is the gender societal concepts that have shaped the perceptual experience of misss of scientific discipline and mathematics and have influenced their public presentation in these countries. As we develop our perceptual experience of gender is shaped by the society that defines who we are, what we can make. Therefore the differences in public presentation in male childs and misss mathematics and scientific discipline are under the influence of the societal cultural factors. These have in consequence created an environment where capablenesss and abilities are limited by the socially assigned gender functions.

Literature Review Of International Business in U.S.

Finding a country to conduct business in fucking be a very easy task depending on the companys top oversight. The way a company normally discovers where to conduct inquiry is through leads on potential operations from outside sources. The selection of which leads to investigate becomes the difficult task. After sifting through the leads and following the right ones to investigate management must formulate an international commercialiseing plan. This further helps management in locating potential markets for their products.The first step is to use secondary research to find out what the sales potential is in a readyn market. Asking the questions of need, demand, and support gives one a starting point for research. If we were a company that exchange pants we might want to ask the following questions. Is there a need for pants? Is it cold enough there to wear pants? Do people that demand the pants have money? These are the questions that one should ask of potential markets.After gathering the information from the secondary research, the picture of a potential market becomes more evident. However, to make the picture clearer, one must conduct primary research. This research outlines the specifics of the potential market that directly pertain to the product. Robert Douglas book, shrill the International Market, addresses the issue of locating potential markets in greater exposit.After finding a lead that contains profitable markets it is necessary to analyze the venture as a whole. The decisions of companies must be based on the facts of reliable sources on all investments. To gather the information needed for investment projects, management must address a adapted feasibleness team. The members of this team should be comprised of employees of the company this is so that the knowledge ordain stay indoors the company.If the resources are not available for an employee conducted airfield then outside consultants may be used, it may also be beneficial to u se a combination of the two. The first step in conducting a study is to design it by using project objectives as the base. During the second step the team must be staffed with people that have the ability to sack up problems in any situation. In the third step the team should be properly placed and instructed. In the fourth and final step the product of the feasibility study should be properly communicated to the decision-making management.The design of a feasibility study first assumes that a company possesses the skills and resources necessary to be competitive in the market under analysis. instruction must know the limits of its operations abroad. The operating margin for the expense of establishing and starting operations abroad should be easily recoverable within a reasonable time period. The design should also include the managements goals, which come down from the investors of the company.The goals of management should be to acquire specific knowledge of the partner, in a j oint venture situation, as well as the financial aspects, and the business-environment. The currency of the host country along with the political situation, and the economy are finer points of detail that the study must cover when analyzing the business-environment.In a less formal sense the design of the study should cover relevant material so that when covering the final report decision-makers will know with what they are becoming involved. Staffing a feasibility study is of major importance. Not only must the members be competent in converse and understanding, but the management selecting the team must be confident in the abilities of from each one individual. Communication in international affairs plays a great role for the fact that different languages spoken and unspoken are involved. The communication through a translator let alone person-to person communication can be vastly misconstrued. The individuals communication skills should be top-notch in order to be selected for the team. The members of the team should also be aware of the cultural factors that play a role in communication.Two books The Way to Wealth by Ben Franklin and Microserfs by David Coupland, support economic values of their specific time periods. Franklins book is scripted in 1733, when agriculture was the way of life. Couplands book is a present day description of technology and how Microsoft has had such an impact on our lives. Both books, each defining different eras, come together to portray the epitome of economic values. The writers depiction of work, from their respected eras, show how these American economic values has not changed. woeful Richard Saunders advice symbolizes what American workers economic values should be. Poor Richard is a character Franklin uses to push his economic values, and he believes that firm economic values will create wealth. He explains get what you can, and what you get hold Tis the stone that will turn all your lead into gold. Having good econom ic values can give you the gold touch. Good time management and sound management of ones money are the keys to success.Hence Franklins famous sayings a penny saved is a penny earned and early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. The sayings of Richard Saunders are for the ages, as well as the agricultural life as he knew it. Douglas Couplands character analysis of emailprotected serves as the icon of a modern day American technological worker. emailprotected is an employee of Bill Gates corporation Microsoft which employs more than 32,000 people in 60 countries.Indeed, despite international commercial success, economic values of American lives have not changed over the past several atomic number 6 years. From the adages of Ben Franklin, to the genius of Bill Gates, Americans are economically the same. In the book Microserfs, the highlight of the story was when an employee got emailed by Bill himself. Gates has been described as spending a significant person of his time to. . . staying in contact with Microsoft employees around the world though email. ReferencesAshamalla, Maali H. International Human Resource Management Practices The Challenge Of Expatriation. Competitiveness Review. 1998. pp. 54-65.Barton, Ron & Bishko, Michael. worldwide Mobility Strategy. HR Focus. 1998. pp. S7-S8.Coupland, Douglas. Microserfs. Lunsford. pp. 595-606.Dibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride, W.M. and Ferrell, O.C., Marketing Concepts and Strategies. Marketing in International Markets. Houghton Mifflin. 1997. pp. 65-68, 171-177, 90-94, 103-105.Dutton, Gail. Building a Global Brain. Management Review. 1999. pp. 34-38.Engel, James F., Roger Blackwell, and Bowel Miniard. Consumer Behavior. Harcourt. 1982. pp. 162-168.Ewing, John S. and Meissner, Frank. International Business Management Readings and Cases. California Wadsworth. 1964. pp. 4, 146-152, 313-320.Fayerweather, John. International Business Management A Conceptual Framework. New York McGraw-Hill. 1969. pp. 51-64.Franklin, Benjamin. The Way to Wealth. Lusford. 1999. p. 545.Haner, F.T. Multinational Management. Ohio Merrill. 1973. pp. 43-58.

Professional Cheating Websites Essay

Random interview is the method that we be going to use for gathering knowledge because in interviews information is obtained through inquiry and recorded by enumerators. Structured interviews argon performed by using survey forms, w presentas open interviews ar n unrivalleds taken firearm talking with respondents. The nones are subsequently structured interpreted foe further analysis. Open-ended interviews, which need to be interpreted and analyze dismantle during the interview, put on to be carried disclose by well-trained observers and/or enumerators. Gener both(prenominal)y, structured interviews are conducted with a well-designed form already established. Forms are filled in by researches, instead of respondents, and in that it differs from headnaires. plot of ground this approach is much expensive, more complicated questions do-nothing be asked and data can be validated as it is collected, improving data quality. Interviews can be undertaken with variety of data lineages, and through alternative media, much(prenominal) as by telephone or in person. The throng who are going to interview are the maritime students of Dr,Yangas Colleges at DYCI. The interviewee came from any level of BSMT and BSMarE maritime student .It could be ages 16 to 18 above male or female.Confessions of a professional College Cheater.IT WILL COME as news to no one who reads Dave Tomars new news that college kids fishing rig as enthusiastically and ritually as they tailboard and copulate, especially since Harvard recently announced that nearly half of the 279 students in a single Introduction to Congress class are under investigation for forefathernish dishonesty. In the ethically challenged haze of freshman dormitory life I did it myself, writing an occasional paper for an attractive or underperforming friend, and it never really occurred to me that this was aggrieve until I became a college professor and sat outraged on the other side of the desk, interrogati ng a barely literate student who had suddenly blos more or lessd into an eloquent novice of Miltons Paradise Lost. And after reading The Shadow Scholar Im eyeing my current crop of students with an entirely new level of suspicion. Tomars book grew out of an member, penned under the name Ed Dante in The bill of Higher Education in November 2010, that became the or so widely read piece in the Chronicles history. The article, and now the book, document the astounding scale and sophistication of treachery in todays wired world, which the author knows well he locked for go years at highly organized Internet companies, writing term cover, class projects, and however a dissertation.In the wickedest of ironies, he found his employers through a website that aims to prevent swindling by exposing the worst despatchenders. At this website, an interested reader go out find links to two hundred such companies, all pass judgment Paypal, MasterCard, and Visa, and all eager to make your college experience utterly painless. One site (CustomWritings.com) provides statistics, including (at press time) a 97 percent satisfaction rate and 1,373,890 pages written. I dont now how much to trust a company that relies on its customers impartingness to lie, that if those numbers are true, then this firm alone has produced over 170,000 of the 7-to-10-page papers usually assigned in introductory level classes. Many sites promise that their writers hold at least an M.A. or a Ph.D., and nearly all of them in sure enough that the customers essay will cruise through the plagiarism-detection software that most American universities go purchased, at a tremendous cost, as the silver-tongued bullet in their anti- artifice arsenal.As Tomar describes the turn, the writers for his former employer log in to the companys website and select an assignment from an online bulletin board. Students provide the topic and the deadline, and specific surpasslines from their instructor, and the sought after citation style. Some students even ship required course texts to their hired hand Tomar claims this practice larded his shelves with thousands of dollars worth of books on constitutional history, literature, business, and psychology. but that was one of the hardly a(prenominal) perks. Like a high-tech whipping boy, Tomar says he took on so much work that he ruined his health and his relationships, all so that the pampered and offhand could enjoy a painless college experience. The cheery photos of carefree students on the professional cheating websites bear this out. As in the promotional materials distributed by the universities themselves, e preciseone is always smiling. Tomar is very, very angry, and although he devolves to loathe the students who hire him, the real target of his ire is the universities. He is himself a graduate of Rutgers, and he seems genuinely traumatized by his ingest stint on the banks of the old Raritan, which he believes left him without the skills to land any real job other than writing fraudulent college papers.From this experience he gleans several ways that higher(prenominal) education in America has gone awry. Its not simply that some colleges are structured more like corporations than like places of learning, Tomar notes, but that they are structured like failing businesses that dont give a crap about customer service or quality assurance. This is one of Tomars more astute observations. While nimble businesses, from Lego to Apple, read made customers fall in love with their reinvented products, universities still persist in replicating the early twentieth-century factory sham espoused by Henry Ford customers can have a car painted any color they want so long as it is black. As a teacher of Shakespeare, I benefit from this model all the time students from across the disciplines are forced to take my classes to fill various requirements, whether or not they will ever use iambic pentameter. It pays my bills. notwithstanding where such requirements do not correspond to clearly defined and valuable outcomes for students, they also contribute to the actually f refineening $1 trillion in outstanding U.S. student debt that, as Tomar notes, has mostly been accumulated in the past four years.The driving engines of that debt remain the for-profit gradation mills such as theUniversity of Phoenix, which do not escape Tomars fury. The work assigned at such institutions was so easy, the standards so low, and the priorities so uttermost removed from the interests of honest student evaluation that students might be forgiven for turning to the free market to meet their understanding needs. As the Harvard cheating scandal has affirmed, however, even the best universities have some such slack in the system. Students caught up in the investigation have reported that the course was notoriously know as an easy A with take-home exams and low standards. Combine such factors with the universities broadl y speaking sluggish stance toward technology, Tomar suggests, and the cheating he documents is nearly inevitable. These points are well made, but not much else in this padded book has the same force. In discussing his erstwhile career, Tomar has called himself a master bullshit artist, and he boasts that he knows all the fine tricks for churning out papers, like fluffing sentences with unnecessary clauses or adding gratuitous lines summarizing previous claims.Yet Tomars book may prove to be his bullshitting pice de rsistance, as it employs these same techniques at length, including notes and a bibliography drawn mostly from blogs and websites. For a brief moment, it seems as if this might be some sort of undimmed meta-narrative a Joycean performance of the sloppiness, clich, and superficial analysis that passes for writing in our universities today. scarcely as Tomar reaches his solemn conclusion, explaining that he has attempted to describe the things that I had come to know, wi th the wish that it could help all of us, this begins to seem less seeming. The problem is that The Shadow Scholars argument never really achieves the escape velocity that would propel it beyond the authors own miscellaneous grievances. By his own admission, Tomar doesnt know how to use a library and doesnt have a deals clue how to do research if my Internet is down and my phone battery is dead.For Tomar this is a point of pride, because the ease with which he manipulates the systemtricking all those wild professorsshows that libraries and library-based curricula are hopeless anyway. Again, I half-sympathize if any professors still ask students to conduct research without online resources, they are clearly acting negligently. further surely the more creditworthyand the more commonapproach is to guide students through the digital archives, accepting that they use Wikipedia and Google, but teaching them that this should be the beginning rather than the end of their research. But Tomar obviously never learned this lesson, and his argument rarely reaches beyond the level of Googling, like one of those machine-authored books that use an algorithm to collate information about a given topic. (If this is unfamiliar, see the 345,000 titles by Lambert M. Surhone on Barnesandnoble.com.) When arguing, for example, that American education loads students with debt without providing the skills to pay it back, Tomar writes that according to the Guardian, student loans have been stripped of nearly all basic consumer protections.Nothing wrong with that, except that after continuing this quotation for some length, he launches directly into a new paragraph on An article in Mother Jones, and this takes us to a paragraph relating what the Washington Post surmises, before a final section provides the truth according to the sweet York Times. The already underdeveloped argument must also share space with a memoir of the authors misguided youth, and while Dave Tomar finds his lea d character fascinating, his will probably be a lowlyity response. After the tenth account of Tomar getting stoned, or reeling out of a bar to vomit, it seems worth asking whether he may have borne some duty for his bankruptcy to find academic fulfillment and develop marketable skills on campus. One suspects that Tomar was very groovy at churning out C- papers and that some of his clients got exactly what they deserved.Although The Shadow Scholar is a failed invective, it is an extremely timely reminder that we would be unwise to brush off accounts of cheating at Harvard or our local junior college as a few bad apples. To prevent the offenses that Tomar describes, professors will also need to call on more proficient at pedagogies both old and new. Our first priority may be teaching students to navigate an online world where the meaning of intellectual property is in flux. Universities clearly must also do a better job teaching students actual skills rather than running them throu gh hoops until they accumulate sufficient seat time, measured in dollars and hours, to graduate. Just as important as such innovation, however, is the very traditional work of forming tutorial relationships that will model intellectual responsibility and demonstrate that thinking, rather than paying soulfulness to do it for you, can be its own reward.Studies find more Students cheater, with High Achievers no Exception. Large-scale cheating has been uncovered over the last year at some of the nations most competitive schools, like Stuyvesant High Schoolin Manhattan, the Air Force honorary society and, most recently, Harvard. Studies of student behavior and locatings show that a majority of students violate standards of academic integrity to some degree, and that high achievers are just as likely to do it as others. Moreover, there is evidence that the problem has worsened over the last few decades. Experts say the reasons are relatively simple Cheating has become easier and more widely tolerated, and both schools and parents have failed to give students strong, repetitive messages about what is allowed and what is prohibited.I dont think theres any question that students have become more competitive, under more pressure, and, as a result, tend to excuse more from themselves and other students, and thats abetted by the adults around them, tell Donald L. McCabe, a professor at the Rutgers University Business School, and a leading researcher on cheating. on that point have always been struggling students who cheat to survive, he said. But more and more, there are students at the top who cheat to thrive. Internet access has made cheating easier, enabling students to connect instantly with answers, friends to consult and full treatment to plagiarize. And generations of research has shown that a major factor in unethical behavior is simply how easy or hard it is.A recent study by Jeffrey A. Roberts and David M. Wasieleski at Duquesne University found that the more online tools college students were allowed to use to complete an assignment, the more likely they were to copy the work of others. The Internet has changed attitudes, as a world of instant downloading, searching, undercut and pasting has loosened some ideas of ownership and authorship. An increased emphasis on having students work in teams may also have played a role. Students are surprisingly unclear about what constitutes plagiarism or cheating, said Mr. Wasieleski, an associate professor of management.Howard Gardner, a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, said that over the 20 years he has studied professional and academic integrity, the ethical muscles have atrophied, in part because of a culture that exalts success, however it is attained. He said the attitude he has found among students at elite colleges is We want to be famous and successful, we think our colleagues are cutting corners, well be damned if well lose out to them, and some day, when weve made it, well be role models. But until then, give us a pass. Numerous projects and research studies have shown that frequently reinforcing standards, to both students and teachers, can lessen cheating. But experts say most schools fail to do so.Institutions do a poor job of making those boundaries clear and consistent, of educating students about them, of enforcing them, and of giving teachers a clear process to follow through on them, said Laurie L. Hazard, theatre director of the Academic Center for Excellence at Bryant University. In the programs that colleges run to help new students make the transmutation from high school, students are counseled on everything from food to friendships, but little or no time is spent on cheating, she said. A 2010 survey of Yale undergraduates by The Yale periodical News showed that most had never read the schools policy on academic honesty, and most were unsure of the rules on sharing or recycle their work. In surveys of high school students , the Josephson Institute of Ethics, which advises schools on ethics education, has found that about three-fifths admit to having cheated in the previous year and about four-fifths say their own ethics are above average.Few schools place any meaningful emphasis on integrity, academic or otherwise, and colleges are even more absent-minded than high schools, said Michael Josephson, president of the institute. When you start giving take-home exams and telling kids not to talk about it, or you let them carry smartphones into analyzes, its an invitation to cheating, he said. The gaucherie that Harvard revealed in late August involved a take-home final exam in an undergraduate course with 279 students. The university has not yet held hearings on the charges, which may take months to resolve. Officials said similarities in test papers suggested that nearly half the class had broken the rules against plagiarism and working together some of the impeach students said their behavior was unsophisticated, or fell into gray areas. Mr. McCabes surveys, conducted around the country, have found that most college students see collaborating with others, even when it is forbidden, as a minor offense or no offense at all. Nearly half take the same view of paraphrasing or copying someone elses work without attribution.And most high school teachers and college professors surveyed fail to pursue some of the violations they find. Experts say that on with students, schools and technology, parents are also to blame. They cite surveys, anecdotal impressions and the work of researchers like denim M. Twenge, author of the book Generation Me, to make the case that since the 1960s, parenting has shifted out from emphasizing obedience, honor and respect for authority to promoting childrens happiness while stoking their ambitions for material success. We have a culture now where we have real trouble accepting that our kids make mistakes and fail, and when they do, we tend to blame some one else, said Tricia Bertram Gallant, author of Creating the Ethical Academy, and director of the academic integrity office at the University of California at San Diego.Thirty, 40 years ago, the parent would come in and grab the kid by the ear, squawk at him and drag him home. Educators tell tales of students who grew up taking for granted not only that their highly involved parents would help with schoolwork but that the help would grade the definition of the word. Ms. Gallant recalled giving integrity counseling to a student who would send research papers to her mother to review before turning them in and saw nothing wrong in that. One paper, it turned out, her mother had extensively rewritten and extensively plagiarized.The Good News in the Atlanta and D.C. School Cheating Scandals With the possible exception of tot-murdering moms and professional basketball players who jilt their fans on live television, there is no more reviled figure in American life than Bernie Madoff. represent on the cover of New York magazine in Heath-Ledger-as-Joker makeup, he has been variously described as a sociopath, a financial serial killer, and the devil incarnate. What cipher has said, however, is that Madoff was the victim of a profession that puts relentless pressure on money managers to publicly report their success in the market. And, while plenty of deserved nauseate has been heaped on the auxiliary financial institutions and hapless federal regulators who allowed his fraud to unfold for decades, nobody has suggested that those lapses in any way mitigate Madoffs culpability in his crimes. Society has taken away all of Madoffs money and freedom, but it has left him with one thing the dignity inherent in possessing moral responsibility for doing wrong. It has been less respectful, unfortunately, to educators in our public schools.Recent weeks have seen reports of a terrible cheating scandal in Atlanta a Georgia state investigation implicated gain of teachers and principals of systematically falsifying student test scores. Earlier this year, USA Today revealed evidence of test score manipulation in the order of Columbia. Similar scandals have erupted over the years in Houston, Oakland, Dallas, Chicago, and elsewhere, all fix to the pressure educators feel to show evidence of student learning on regularize tests. And, every time news of cheating breaks, opponents of standardized testing and accountability in public education have been quick to deflect blame from chastely challenged educators and aim it toward the tests themselves. When asked about Atlanta, noted school reform apostate Diane Ravitch pointed the finger at the federal No Child Left Behind faithfulness, saying that, when high-stakes incentives are attached to test scores, we are virtually inviting teachers to cheat. At the Daily Kos, readers were told that the tests, and the stakes attached to them, are the issue. No rational person can run across at cheating this widesprea d and decide its existence is about the individuals, however blameworthy their behavior may be.One Atlanta-area teacher put it this way Anybody whose job is tied to performance, it is a setup. In search of a theory to back up these assertions, testing opponents often invoke Campbells Law, an adage put forth in the 1970s by social scientist Donald Campbell. It holds that the more any quantitative social indicator e.g. standardized testing is used for social decision-making, the more subject it will be to corruption pressures. As a way of understanding education policy, or anything else, Campbells Law is both inaccurate and banal. In reality, most people are quite adept at resisting corruption pressure, which is why the vast majority of teachers whose students take standardized tests do not cheat. And, while some do, the fallibility of humankind has been known for a long time. So I hereby coin Careys Law, which holds that trite observations are more likely to be impressed as sacred p rinciples if someone happens to describe them as laws. TO BE SURE, people (and teachers) will succumb to dishonesty. They cheat on their taxes, spouses, and golf partners.Cheating corrodes trust in all things, especially education. Students whose test scores are manipulated upward dont the get the extra attention they need. And, since teachers are increasingly being evaluated by how much their students test scores improve, a teacher who inflates scores could potentially cost her colleagues in the next grade of their job performance. But cheating also means that public schools in conclusion care enough about student performance that some ethically challenged educators have chosen to cheat. This is far better than the alternative, where learning is so incidental and non-transparent that people of low character cant be bothered to lie about it. Blaming cheating on the test amounts to infantilizing teachers, moving teaching 180 degrees away from the kind of professionalization that tea cher advocates often profess to support. Instead of doing away with the pressures of a performance-based system, the best way to combat cheating is by building institutions that have systems and organizational cultures that minimize the amount of corruption and abuse that occurs.This is harder to do in some places than in others. The District of Columbia, for example, is not exactly a bastion of civil virtue. Half the members of our city council currently stand accused of some form of misconduct, including council president Kwame Brown, who is being investigated by the U.S. Attorney for matters regarding the use of hundreds of thousands of dollars in campaign funds. Nobody, by the way, is blaming the corruption pressures inherent to our vote-intensive election system for Browns alleged misdeeds. Indeed, its not a coincidence that cheating scandals tend to erupt in municipalities whose public institutions suffer from corruption. But, when the Atlanta police department was rocked by a ccusations that officers falsified warrants, planted evidence, and gunned down a 92-year old woman in a botched drug raid, national commentators didnt pin the blame on a system that holds police departments accountable for solving crimes. Corruption, educational or otherwise, should be fought with strong law enforcement, the election of public officials with integrity, and the vigilance of citizens groups and a watchful press.The Securities and Exchange Commission exists because lawmakers correctly assume that the pressures and temptations of making money are so broad that companies and financial actors cant be trusted. Other than lunatic objectivistsand Wall Street water-carriers, nobody reacted to Madoff, Enron, or WorldCom by calling for less enforcement and public report of information. Instead, they securely called for more. Finally, we should never forget that cheating in public education long predates the advent of standardized testing and accountability.Back then, it hap pened in the form of students who were ill-taught and passed along through grades until they were handed a diploma despite their inability to read, write, work with numbers, or otherwise perform any of the skills and tasks necessary to make a bonny life in the modern world. Often, their children were sent back into the very same dysfunctional systems to begin the cycle anew. The only difference was, that kind of cheating didnt result in state investigations, newspapers headlines, and calls for the responsible parties to be thrown in jail. The new way we structure testing and reward and vindicate people for their actions with regard to that testing is better for studentsand even teachersin the long run. Kevin Carey is the policy director of Education Sector, a think tank in Washington, D.C.Cheating is Cheating is Cheating.MANILA, Philippines undecomposed CHICO AND DELAMARI do a little tutoring on the side to earn some extra money while in college, and Ive become friends with most of my students as they are mostly just a few years younger than I am. We often still communicate with each other even after Ive stopped tutoring them. One of the guys that Ive become close to has recently come to me and tearfully confided that he cheated in an exam and ended up winning an award because of it. I was very disappointed by what he did, because hes a very smart kid and has a generally sterling academic record. He says that he only did it because his family was going to a really rough patch and he didnt want an academic failure to compound their problems. He for certain seems guilty over it, and has promised me to never do it again because it wasnt worth the guilt. What Im torn about is whether I should tell the school about it. I feel bad about what hes done, but telling the school would possibly ruin his disposition and his chances at getting into a great college. Should I just let it go and trust that he wont do it again? -Leonard CHICO SAYSI must admit, this is a t ough one. Its the classic choice between doing the kind thing and doing the right thing.I cant tell you what is the right thing to do, but what I can do is tell you is what Id do. I dont know if Id have the heart to turn him in. Even if I knew that on paper its the right thing to do, I dont know if Id muster the resolve. If you cant choose between the two, you can always try and convince him to do the right thing for himself. Besides, its his misdeed thats causing all this guilt, so he is the best person to right this particular wrong. Im sure most people would be like, whats the big deal? Hes learned his lesson, and everybody cheats every now and then, so why ruin a promising future? But remember, individual who deserved that award was robbed of it. No matter how big or small the accolade, someone else deserved to get that award. And if a young mind gets the idea that he can get away with robbing someone of something as long as he doesnt get caught, then who is to say that it will stop here? Who is to say that some of the crooked people in high places didnt get their start with petty crimes like cheating in exams? Leave this slip doors moment for him to decide.He can opt to leave things as they are and move on, or he can step up to the plate and right the wrong with his own hands, the very hands that caused the injustice in the first place. If he thinks the right thing for him to do is to own up to the cheating, then there is no other recourse but to bite the bullet and confess, just like if you feel it is your duty to report him, then you are beholden to yourself to do so. For all you know, him confessing may be a bitch to handle now, but it could also be the best thing that ever happened to him. Character is hard to come by these days. Something like this could actually build him some. Do what feels right to you at this moment in difficult situations like these, its the best you can do. DELAMAR SAYSThere is no way you can be sure he wont do it again. Ther e is no way that you can be sure that the next time a similar situation happens he wont take the easy way of cheating again. In his mind he might justify cheating as long as he can say he did it for his family. And did he really do it just to not add on to his family problems? And would it really have added to his familys problems?Isnt it understandable that when families go through problems childrens school work do suffer? Did he really do it for family? Or, did he do it for himself? If there was a way to make sure this really was a one time and only a one time thing, most people will say why not let it pass without consequence? But thats the thing, there is no way you can tell. And the one thing that needs to be grappleed more than just whether he will do it again or not is this him cheating earned him an award. Which means his cheating disadvantaged someone of an award that would have been legitimately earned. He took it from somebody else who would have rightly earned it. And in my opinion, that is certainly not fair. I think this problem is a question of being understanding to someone who was just really pushed to the edge or do you consider this as a great opportunity to learn a very hard lesson too. The lesson that cheating is cheating is cheating.No matter what your justification is it is still a wrong that has consequences. The consequence that is so great, at the cost of his good reputation being tarnished and risking his entrance to a good college, that he will never cheat again. Cheating can destroy all your previous honest efforts. That is a great lesson he will never forget. And also he has to learn that his cheating deprived someone of that award. And these things if he has to pay the consequence will surely send a message that cheating isnt worth it. He will learn that he just has to live with not performing well when his family is going through something rather than to automatically cheat. Your decision lies with how well you know your stud ent. get out this serve as a lesson he will never forget and never do again?Or, is this his chance to learn at this point and sorely that there are consequences to the actions we do? What can your conscience live with? Whatever you decide I just hope the person who might have been deprived of that award the student earned with his cheating efforts will still get what he deserves. Maybe you can figure out a way to punish the act of cheating but at the same time give him some leeway because he did come forward to admit his wrongdoing? In my opinion the best way is to show him that this act cannot go without consequence, some consequence. You can argue on his behalf that the punishment be less severe so as not to risk his college entrance but he certainly has to understand that he cannot get away with cheating without paying the price.Trick or Cheat.Cheat.Its probably something that weve done at least once in our academic life. Whether through hidden answer sheets, information shared with friends from different sections, or just taking a peek at a seatmates paper, not very many of us can claim to be innocent in this regard. Penelope (not her real name) a college senior at a school in Manilas University Belt, admits to be cheating in exams since she was in fourth year high school. I needed to, she justifies. We had to memorize the formulas in our Physics class and we werent allowed to have an index card to look at. I was a candidate to become an outstanding student at the time and I didnt want to fail that exam. Aside from looking at her seatmates paper, she also had a small paper with all the needed formulas hidden in her socks. Penelope has never been caught, but on the occasion that she is, she says she plans to apologize to the teacher. But that doesnt mean Ill stop.I believe cheating is one of the elements of being a student, she says. Penelopes story is something that is replicated in the lives of other students across the city. Just like Penelope, Nicole (not her real name) began cheating in exams in high school, mainly because everyone else in her class was doing it. It wasnt intentional at first. The examiner was out of the room, and I took the liberty to check my notes in Biology and compare if my answers were correct. I found it really rewarding to get a perfect score, she recalls. But unalike Penelope, Nicole was unlucky enough to get caught. I decided not to do it anymore and try to rely on my full capacity to answer all subsequent tests, she says. However, try is the important word in Nicoles statement. When asked if getting caught stopped her from cheating, her reply is short and direct to the point Not really.MODERN victimiseThe temptation to cheat is even easier for todays technologically-advanced youth. With mobile phones making the transmission of messages easier and the Internet making the sharing of information much quicker, todays Filipino student can just as easily download his answers from a computer as he can from looking at his seatmates answers. However, it would seem that the tried and tested technique of looking at the answer of seatmates, passing around notes, and reliable classmates are the methods preferred by todays young Filipinos. If you give people answers, they give you answers back, says Elle (not her real name). My two friends and I would form a triangle with our seats we call it the Triangle Offense. It gave us good angles. I also ask people whove taken the tests earlier for questions and answers.Mark (not his real name) also relied on his classmates to get a higher grade than the one he would have otherwise received on his tests. Back in high school, teachers would have us exchange papers with our fellow classmates and we would have to frankly mark each others tests. It wasnt me who changed the answers, but my seatmate whos marking it. Thats what made it possible, he says. Just like Nicole, Elle has already been caught cheating. And just like Nicole, Elle says this hasnt st opped her from cheating. Ive been caught, and I just made pa-cute and joked around. I charmed the teacher, she says. Getting caught didnt stop me from cheating. It empowered me even more.CHEAT BUSTERSIf cheating seems unavoidable, what can school administrations do? Preventing behavior like this from occurring in the first place seems to be the approach being taken by educational institutions. The De La Salle University, for instance, has a Discipline Office (DO), which promotes students discipline, maintains peace, order and cleanliness in the University, and seeks to prevent, rather than correct, unseemly student behavior. Nimpha Baldeo, the DO head, says that her office conducts regular seminars and lectures on values for teachers, parents, and students, and comes out with publications on these topics such as modules, a DO Guide, and a DO Bulletin. Discipline awareness is also celebrated every October by the academic community with exhibits and forums to intensify the information drive on University policies, rules and regulations, she says.The University also recently established the Compliance Office to ensure that all significant requirements necessary for compliance with law, regulation, or other salad dressing rules in and outside the University are in place. Students who are caught cheating are not immediately suspended or expelled, rather, they are put under probation and overt to a series of seminars and related activities on values formation and clarification. DLSU also curbs plagiarism and protects intellectual rights. Academic papers have to cite its sources, whether from open source references like Wikipedia or from traditional materials, and written permission from concerned faculty members are required if a student intends to submit the same work to other course for extra credit.A MATTER OF TRUSTAlexandra (not her real name), a literature professor for two years at a prominent university in Quezon City, has a much more personal view of how t o stop cheating among the student body. Alexandra says that in her short years of teaching, she has not yet encountered a case of cheating in her class. While part of this is because most of her examinations are essay-based, she also says that this is because she trusts that her students know better than to cheat. When I give objective tests, I dont patrol. You could say I dont even really check, she reveals. I feel its a very obvious sign of not trust them.These kids are in college. its no longer high school or grade school. What they do with their education is their business. Im there to guide and instruct, but Im not there to be their mother. Show them that you trust them somehow, and hopefully, theyll live up to it. Alexandra says that rather than looking to change how students behave, educators should instead look into themselves and find out if they are the ones contributing to the problem. I think cheating can be curbed, because I honestly think that students cheat if they fe el that its impossible, she says. And impossibility is a result of demanding too much output when you havent even put much in to begin with. If youre a good educator, students wont feel the need to cheat. 1 . New Republic, by Blaine Greteman, September 12, 2012 2 . The New York Times, by Richard Perez-Pea, September 7, 2012 3 . New Republic, Kevin Carey, July 19, 2011 4 . Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation, Chico and Delamar, November 9, 2011 5 . Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation, Ronald S. Lim, November12, 2009

Description of Nicaraguan Photo

Roosevelt Campbell Professor Finnegan English 111 (009) 7 October 2012 The death of the young man in the Nicaraguan state of fight The photograph by Koen Wessing, Nicaragua (1970) shows a group of people around a dead body on a torn up street in a tragic scene. In the foreground, lies a dead young man on a bumpy road covered with a white sheet, looks alike(p) an army boot on one foot sticking out. In the foreground, at the head of the body blood stains are handbillable. A woman who seems to be the young mans mother walks right up to the body, holding up a sheet to her mouth, and starts to shed tears.In the background four people brave out in the street, who appear to be family members or friends of the deceased. A man, who seems to be the boys father or uncle, walks behind the body towards the mother. He does not inhabit or look at the body, with his head down and his hands together in front of him at his waist as a sign of grief. cornerstone the man, a friend of the family st ares at the body with a handkerchief to her nose, protecting her from the stench. Alongside her is a family member who is partially hidden by the man.Only a olive-sized part of her hair, arms and legs are visible. A family member also stares at the body with a sheet wrapped across her arm. I also notice that behind these people is graffiti on the door of a building which says FSLN which stands for Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (Spanish). In English, this means Sandinista National Liberation Front which is a social classless party in Nicaragua. On that same building I sens see holes on a building behind the group of people mayhap they are bullet holes, from the gun when they fired at the young man.Look like there is even a spent shell to the left of the head of the body. In this photo by Koen Wessing, it indicates how the family members and friends pass on been requireed by the death of the young man, not only them but how the sylvan as a whole has been deeply affect ed with the deaths and destructions which have been taking place in the country, seemed to have been caused by a war. Koen Wessing portrays how war destroys families and the struggle that people in this scene and the whole country has to go through.When looking at the young mans mother, family members and friends, you can see by their facial expression and body language that theyre disordered down mentally by the death of the young man, which deeply affects them. This can cause problems such as depression and anger. This can even continue to affect them later on in the future. To my assumption he may have been brutally murdered by Somozas National Guard (opposition to the Sandinistas), because of his affiliation with the Sandinistas, and he may not have been the only innocent person to be killed by them, so there would have been other families affected by this turmoil.This war has not only affected the people but the countrys infrastructure as well such as the roads and buildings t hat were demolished. Homes force have also been wrecked leaving people homeless which might cause them and their children to be sleeping without a roof over their head which is not healthy. just about businesses may have been shut down, and with no businesses, people would be out of jobs and as a result of this, they wouldnot being able to provide for their family. Schools also might have been closed and this would have deeply affected the educational progress of the students and affect them in the future.In conclusion, this photo clearly states the suffering the people and the country as a whole had to go through, and how the dead are left to remind the people of fear and sadness. This image illustrates the devastating effect that a war can have on the people and its country. Koen Wessing is telling us that a war can cause a lot of problems in a country and it would be very difficult to reestablish all the aspects which have been affected. Works Cited Koen, Wessing. Nicaragua. 19 70. Photograph. English 111 Course Page. Web.