History of Genetic Engineering

History of Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is a deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. This chapter describes how work carried out between 1970s and 1980s produced technologies that researchers now use to manipulate the genetic material of organisms. Key concepts covered: Recombinant-DNA technology is a technology in which genetic material from one organism is introduced into another organism and then replicated and expressed by that other organism. Gene sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Recombinant-DNA technology has been used to make insulin and other human proteins for medicine. Recombinant DNA The prospect of recombinant DNA emerged from two advances in biochemistry: (1) Discoveries of restriction enzymes that act as scissors to cut molecules of DNA at specific nucleotide sequences; and (2) Discoveries of DNA ligases enzymes that forge molecular bonds. Creation of First Recombinant DNA (1972) In 1972, Paul Berg (1926- ), a biochemistry professor at Stanford University, created the first recombinant DNA molecule. He first isolated the DNA molecules from two different organisms, the SV40 monkey virus and a bacterial virus known as Lamdba bacteriophage (or phage ÃŽÂ »).   Using a cut-and-splice method, he created sticky ends in the DNA of both viruses. Then he joined them together with DNA ligase. Invention of Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Technology (1973) Recombinant-DNA technology is a technology in which a rDNA plasamid is introduced into bacteria and then replicated and expressed by that bacteria. It was invented through the work of Herbert W. Boyer (1936- ), Stanley N. Cohen (1935- ), Paul Berg, and Janet Mertz (1949- ). After Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules in 1972, Boyer and Cohen took Bergs work a step further by introducing the rDNA plasmid to E. coli bacterial cells. A plasmid is DNA, found in bacteria, that is separate from and can replicate independently of the bacteriums chromosomal DNA. The phenomenon of transformation permits the rDNA plasmid to be introduced into and expressed by E. coli cells. The bacteria containing the rDNA plasmid grow on petri dishes to form tiny colonies. But in a typical procedure, only 1 in about 10,000 bacteria cells takes up the rDNA plasmid. The rDNA plasmid must contain a selectable gene so that they can be efficiently picked up   from the culture. This can be done by using a drug-resistance gene to make the rDNA plasmid resistant to antibiotics such as tetracycline.   Adding tetracycline to the culture will ensure that only the bacteria with the rDNA plasmids survive. In 1974, at the urge of Standford Universitys patent office, Boyer and Cohen filed a patent for recombinant DNA technology. Asilomar Conferences Potential dangers of recombinant genetic engineering emerged even before Berg published his landmark 1972 paper. Although the SV40 virus was thought to be harmless for human, Borg was concerned about the prospect of an altered form of the virus spreading through a common bacteria. So he deferred part of his research program, and did not insert the recombinant virus into bacterial cells as he originally planned. In 1973, Berg organized a small conference at Asilomar, California to address the growing concerns about gene-manipulation technology. In 1974 Berg published a widely discussed letter on the potential dangers of recombinant DNA research. Subsequently, a moratorium on research in 1975 (Asilomar II) provided time for regulations to be devised and put into effect in 1976. Gene Sequencing, Gene Splicing, and Reverse Transcription Gene Sequencing Gene sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It includes any method that is used to determine the order of the four bases A, G, C, and T in a strand of DNA. Frederick Sanger (1918-2013), a biochemist in England, is a pioneer of sequencing. He has received two Nobel prizes: one for the sequencing of proteins (in 1958), the other for the sequencing of DNA (in 1980). In the early 1950s, Sanger had solved the sequencing of a protein using a sequence of degradation reactions. A protein is made up of a sequence of amino acids strung into a chain. To identify the sequence of a protein, Sanger would snap off one amino acid from the end of the chain, dissolve it in solvents, and identify it chemically. He would repeat the degradation and identification process until he reached the end of the protein. In the mid-1960s, Sanger switched his focus from protein to DNA. But his methods that had worked so well for proteins didnt work for DNA. Proteins are chemically structured such that amino acids can be serially snapped off the chain but with DNA, no such tools existed. In 1971, Sanger devised a gene-sequencing technique using the copying reaction of DNA polymerase. At first, the method was inefficient and error-prone because the copying reaction was too fast. In 1975, He made an ingenious modification. He doctored the copying reaction with a series of chemicals variants of A, C, G, and T -that were still recognized by DNA polymerase, but slowed down its copying ability. On February 24, 1977, Sanger used this technique to reveal the full sequence of   phi X 174 (or ÃŽÂ ¦X174) bacteriophage. Gene Splicing In 1977, scientists discovered that most animal (and animal virus) proteins were not encoded in long, continuous stretches of DNA. They were split into modules, interrupted by regions called introns that do not hold protein-encoding information. By splitting the genes into modules, a cell could generate more combination of messages out of a single gene. When a DNA with introns is used to build RNA the introns have to be removed from the RNA message. This phrase for the process is called gene splicing or RNA splicing. Reverse Transcription In 1970, David Baltimore (1938- ) and Howard Temin (1934-94), two virologists, discovered an enzyme that could build DNA from an RNA template. They called the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Using this enzyme, every RNA in a cell could be used as a template to build its corresponding DNA. The production of proteins from recombinant DNA represented a crucial transition in the history of medical technology. To understand the impact of this transition from genes to medicine we need to understand the nature of drugs. Nearly every drug works by binding to its target and enabling or disabling it turning molecular switches on or off. To be useful, a drug must bind to its switches but to only a selected set of switches. Most molecules can barely achieve this level of specificity but proteins have been designed explicitly for this purpose. Proteins are the enabler and disablers, the regulators, the gatekeepers, the operators, of cellular reactions. They are the switches that most drugs seek to turn on or off. Proteins are thus poised to be some of the most potent and most discriminating medicines in the pharmacological world. But to make a protein, one needs its gene and here recombinant DNA technology provided the crucial link. The cloning of human gens allowed scientists to manufacture proteins and the synthesis of proteins opened the possibility of targeting the millions of biochemical reactions in the human body. Proteins made it possible for chemists to intervene on previously impenetrable aspects of our physiology. The use of recombinant DNA to produce proteins thus marked a transition not just between one gene and one medicine, but between genes and anovel universe of drugs. Founding of Genetech (1975) In 1975, Robert Swanson (1947-99), a venture capitalist, approached Herb Boyer with a proposal to starting a company that would use gene-cloning techniques to make medicines. Boyer was fascinated. His own son had been diagnosed with a potential growth disorder, and Boyer had been gripped by the possibility of producing human growth hormone, a protein to treat such growth defects. Three hours after they met, Swanson and Boyer had reached a tentative agreement to start such a company with seed moneys from venture firms. Boyer called this company Genentech a condensation of Genetic Engineering Technology. Synthesis of Insulin (1978) Purified animal-sourced insulin was the only type of insulin available to diabetics until genetic advances occurred later with medical research. The amino acid structure of insulin was characterized in 1953 by Frederick Sanger. The protein was made up of two chains (A and B) one larger and one smaller, cross-linked by chemical bonds. Boyers plan for the synthesis of insulin was simple. He did not have the gene for human insulin at hand no one did but he would build it from scratch using DNA chemistry, nucleotide by nucleotide, triplet upon triplet. He would make one gene for the A chain, and another gene for the B chain. He would insert both the genes in bacteria and trick them to synthesizing the human proteins.. He would purify the two protein chains and then stitch them chemically to obtain the U-shaped molecule. But Boyer was cautious. He wanted an easier test case before lunging straight for insulin.   He focused on another protein somatostatin also a hormone, but with little commercial potential. To synthesize the somatostatin gene from scratch, Boyer recruited Keiichi Itakura and Art Riggs from the City of Hope in Los Angeles. Swanson was opposed to the whole plan. He wanted Boyer to move to insulin directly. Genentech was living in borrowed space on borrowed money. Still Boyer convinced Swanson to give somatostatin a chance. In the meantime, two teams of of geneticist had also entered the race to make insulin. One at Harvard and the other one at UCSF. By the fall of 1977, they succeeded in synthesizing somatostatin, and started focusing on insulin. At this time, the competition was fierce. The Harvard team had apparently cloned the native human gene out of human cells and were ready to make the protein. The UCSF team has synthesized a few micrograms of protein and were planning to inject the human hormone into patients. It was Asilomar that came to their rescue. Like most University laboratories with federal funding, the UCSF team was bounded by the Asilomar restrictions on recombinant DNA. In contrast, Boyers team had decided to use a chemically synthesized version of the insulin gene. A synthetic gene DNA created as a naked chemical fell into the gray zone of Asilomars language and was relatively exempt. Genentech, as a privately funded company, was also relatively exempt from the federal guidelines. In the summer of 1978, Boyer learned that the Harvard team was about to announce successful isolation of the human hormone gene. To his relief, the gene that the Harvard team had cloned was not human but rate insulin. Cloning had made it easy to cross the barriers between species. By May 1978, Genentech had synthesized the two chains of insulin in bacteria. By July, the scientists had purified the proteins out of the bacteria debris. In early August, they snipped of the the attached bacterial proteins and isolated the two individual chains.   On August 21, 1978, they joined the protein chains together in a test tube to create the first molecules of recombinant insulin. In September 1979, Genentech applied for a patient for insulin. The Genetech patent would soon become one of the most lucrative petents in the history of technology. Synthesis of factor VIII (1983) Hemophilia is a rare bleeding disorder in which the blood doesnt clot normally. If you have hemophilia, you may bleed for a longer time than others after an injury. You also may bleed inside your body (internally), especially in your knees, ankles, and elbows. This bleeding can damage your organs and tissues and may be life threatening. Hemophilia is caused by a single mutation in the gene for a crucial clotting factor in blood, called factor VIII, and, until the mid-1980s, was treated with injections of concentrated factor VIII. During 1982 and early 1983, an emergence of mysterious immunological collapse among patients with multiple blood transfusions pinpointed the cause of the illness to blood-born factor that had contaminated the supply of factor VIII -a virus called AIDS. Nearly all the HIV-infacted hemophiliacs from the initial cohort had died of the complications of AIDS. In the spring of 1983, Dave Goeddel (1951- ) at Genentech began to focus on cloning the factor VIII gene. Meanwhile, a team of researchers from Harvard, lead by Tom Maniatis (1943- ) and Mark Ptashne (1940- ), formed a company called Genetics Institute (GI) also joined the race. As with insulin, the logic behind the cloning effort was evident: rather than purifying the missing clotting factor out of liters of human blood, why not create the protein artificially, using gene cloning? If factor VIII could be produced through gene-cloning methods, it would be virtually free of any human contaminants, i=thereby rendering it inherently safer than any blood-derived protein. Genetech knew that the factor VIII project would challenge the outer limits of gene-cloning technology. Somatostatin had 14 amino acids; insulin had 51. Factor VIII had 2,350. To succeed, the gene cloners would need to use new cloning technologies   Both the somatstatin and insulin genes had been created from scratch by stitching together bases of DNA. But factor VIII gene was far too large to be created using DNA chemistry. To isolate the factor VIII gene, Genetech would need to tpull the native gene out of human cells. Tom Maniatis of GI, found a solution: he had pioneered the technology to build genes out of RNA   templateds using reverse transcriptase, the enzyme that could build DNA from RNA. Reverse transcriptase made it possible to clone a gene after the intervening stuffer sequences had been snipped off by the cells splicing apparatus. In April, 1983, both Genentech and GI announced that they had purified recombinant factor VIII in test tubes a blood-clotting factor untainted by human blood. The production of factor VIII from its gene broke an important conceptual ground. The fears of Asilomar had been perfectly inverted. And gene cloning had emerged as potentially the safest way to produce a medical product for human use.  

Community Services Essay

1.Five items that I would include in the agenda list are; the name of the person who is coordinating the meeting, attendees (people who will be attending e.g., stakeholders), the start time of the meeting, the scheduled end time of the meeting and the matters for discussion such as feedbacks or housing. 2.Information that I may need to gather when preparing for Danny’s case management are Danny’s background history in regards to support services that he may have been using in the past whether he has been successful or not and if Danny is eligible for any other services and the criteria that falls into. 3.The purpose of the case management meeting is to establish a relationship with the client so that the client can feel confident being represented at the meeting and the concerns that would be reflected in the agenda for example alcohol is Danny’s concern. As a case manager I should be aware of the client’s objectives in the meeting and allowing the client the opportunity to indicate an agreement with the objectives such as in Danny’s case it is a life skill course. 4.My rights, roles and responsibility as Danny’s case manager would be to work with Danny to achieve the goals that he has identified, providing him with information about different services that are available to him and informing him the actions of his outcomes. I will also enable Danny to make decisions about his own life even if I won’t agree to it. Danny’s rights, roles and responsibilities would be to actively participate in his case plan, to be involved in identifying his own needs and to be attending all of his appointments with his case manager. 5.Two statutory requirements I must observe when obtaining information from other stakeholders are Freedom of Information Act 1982 and Privacy Act 1988. 6.Three key factors that would be important to ensure that Danny’s case is operating within the appropriate legislative requirements is respecting Danny’s confidentiality and also protecting his personal information from unauthorised disclosure. Informing Danny about the nature of all the services being provided to him and obtaining consent from Danny if he chooses to continue to withdraw from the services and lastly responding to Danny’s requests of information about the way that I, my organisation, or the stakeholders are working on. 7.I will record the outcomes of the meeting by taking effective case notes during the meeting and making a summary of what has happened in the meeting. All of the records has to be clearly labelled, dated and stored away somewhere safety locked in a filing cabinet. 8.Three boundaries that I need to discuss with Danny are about my relationship with him meaning that it should be professional e.g. not to have a dual relationship, explaining to Danny on the first meeting that my work is set to focus on the work that I will be doing for him and also explaining my limits and availability to him as his case worker. 9.The two decision making process would be to keep Danny involved and informed and also deciding further support services that Danny may require for his wellbeing. 10.Two strategies that I would put in place would be to maintain professional boundaries with Danny and reminding Danny that the relationship is professional and only informing Danny when I would feel that it may be getting blurred for him e.g. when Danny might expect me to act as his friend. I would also avoid any conflict of interest and as his case manager I will have to familiarise myself with the agencies code of conduct in order to use it as a guide line to establish a relationship with Danny. I will have to be mindful of my behaviour such as the use of my language and taking the right actions to contact Danny outside of work hours. 11.Two key concerns that I need to consider is the location of the programs or services and if it is located in Danny’s community and if the stakeholders are suited for Danny’s needs and if Danny is motivated enough to do it. 12.As Danny’s case worker I will inform Danny with information about the grievance process so that Danny knows what he can do if he is unhappy with the services or his case management process. Danny will also be informed about the complaint procedures and policies and if he is required to fill any kinds of paper work, and notifying Danny of how the complaints will be documented, the actions that will be taken, who will be responsible or what community will determine the outcomes and Danny’s right to appeal.

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1004 Words

Andi Yaco Romeo and Juliet The famous story of Romeo and Juliet written by Shakespeare is the meaning of an immortal affection anecdote around two star crossed significant others, attempting to endure the tribulations of their two quarreling families, the Capulets and the Montagues. It is a story that has stood the test of time and is a strong meaning of a genuine romance story. Despite the fact that it has been told incalculable times, every time it is listened, the names Romeo and Juliet are synonymous with adoration. Each extraordinary story enraptures a crowd of people by the way it is advised to them. Two men, Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann, recounted the tale of Romeo and Juliet through their eyes, with two totally diverse results. Franco Zeffirelli communicated his elucidation in the 1967 rendition of the film, offering life to these characters in a noteworthy movie. His motion picture turned into the position of these characters; and was genuine to what Shakespeare imagined after making this story. In 1997, Baz Luhrmann left on his adventure of telling this story, giving a totally diverse turn and cosmetic touch up to an old fantastic. He modernized it in a manner that would speak to the present day group of onlookers, with the assistance of two youthful on-screen characters, Claire Danes and Leonardo DiCaprio. There are a few similitudes and contrasts between these two motion pictures. One of the significant contrasts is that the Zeffirelli film happens inShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. 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The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words   |  7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. 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Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesour lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; two forbidden lovers meet

The American Dream By Rene De Visme Williamson - 2225 Words

â€Å"If the American dream is for Americans only, it will remain our dream and never be our destiny. As Americans, we are all born with natural rights and opportunities. From a young age it is instilled in our minds that we can set a goal and nothing is out of reach.† Rene de Visme Williamson The evolution and the come about of immigrants migrating to America has transformed and expanded in a major way. Many immigrants came to America seeking greater economic opportunity, while others arrived in search of religious freedom. Other immigrants like African slaves came to America against their will. Most immigrants wanted to find the American dream, and hope for a better life. The immigrants who come to America are largely hard working, family oriented, and have a passion for the values we have. Immigrants have contributed to the economy in countless means. However a social problem has come in effect where in immigrants are being taken advantage of and are sometimes mistreated. Many people say that immigrants have a negative impact on the economy and are taking up space. The topic of immigrants and their migration is always a controversial topic. Immigration has played an important role in American history. The form of immigration goes way back to the 1600’s. The first immigrants to come to the United States arrived voluntarily from Europe during the Colonial period. Many were merchants looking to trade and people in search of religious toleration. Other groups of immigrants arrived

Essay on Their Eyes Were Watching God Personal...

Zora Neale Hurston, in keeping with themes dealing with personal relationships and the female search for self-awareness in Their Eyes Were Watching God , has created a heroine in Janie Crawford. In fact, the female perspective is introduced immediately. quot;Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember, and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordinglyquot; (Their Eyes 1). On the very first page of Their Eyes Were Watching God, the contrast is made between men and women, thus initiating Janies search for her own dreams and foreshadowing the quot;female questquot; theme of the rest of the novel. quot;Detailing her quest for self-discovery and†¦show more content†¦This excerpt establishes the existence of the inferior status of women in this society, a status which Janie must somehow overcome in order to emerge a heroine. This societal constraint does not deter Janie from attaining her dream. quot;She knew now that marriage did not make love. Janies first dream was dead, so she became a womanquot; (Their Eyes 24). Janie is not afraid to defy the expectations that her grandmother has for her life, because she realizes that her grandmothers antiquated views of women as weaklings in need of male protection even at the expense of a loving relationship, constitute limitations to her personal potential. quot;She hated her grandmother . . . .Nanny had taken the biggest thing God ever made, the horizon quot; (Their Eyes 85-86). Nevertheless, Janie is not afraid to follow her instincts, even when this means leaving her first husband to marry her second - without a divorce. quot;Janie hurried out of the front gate and turned south. Even if Joe was not there waiting for her, the change was bound to do her goodquot; (Their Eyes 31). The gossip that spreads throughout her small town when she leaves with a younger man - after the death of her second husband leaves her a widow - does not slow her down in the least. Finally, she finds happiness with Tea Cake, and it means so much more, because she has decided to go through with it on her own. Discovering the quot;two things everybodys got to do fuh theyselves,quot; isShow MoreRelatedTheir Eyes Were Watching God1571 Words   |  7 PagesZora Neale Hurston and her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God During the Harlem Renaissance, African Americans experience a cultural exposure in literature art. It was a period of great achievement in African-American art and literature during the 1920s and 1930s. This surge gave birth to several authors, playwrights and dramatists, such as Zora Neale Hurston. Zora Neale Hurston is now considered among the foremost authors of that period, having published four novels, three nonfiction works, andRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God As A Bildungsroman Analysis840 Words   |  4 Pages‘Their Eyes Were Watching God’ as a bildungsroman covering personal growth ‘Their Eyes Were Watching Good’ is a 1937 published novel by the Afro-American author Zora Neale Hurston. The story is about Janie Crawford, an attractive, middle-aged black woman, that returns to her hometown after the breakdown of her third marriage. This causes a lot of gossip and Janie decides to explain herself by telling her story. She tells about her three different marriages and how she in person changed during theseRead More Essay on Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Charater of Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie Crawford is the heroine. She helps women to deal with their own problems by dealing with hers. She deals with personal relationships as well as searches for self-awareness. Janie Crawford is more than a heroine, however, she is a woman who has overcome the restrictions placed on her by the oppressive forces and people in her life.    As a young woman, Janie had noRead MoreEssay about Comparing The Awakening and Their Eyes Are Watching God793 Words   |  4 Pageslook at whether or not the author has sympathy with the characters. Within the two stories The Awakening and Their Eyes Were Watching God, the author has sympathy for one of the characters but not the other. The two stories both have main characters that struggle with their own existence in life, but in The Awakening the author had more sympathy for Edna. In Their Eyes Were Watching God the author tends to be non-sympathetic toward all the male characters except for Edna’s third husband, Tea CakeRead MoreJanies Self-Discovery Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesTheir Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston is about a young woman that is lost in her own world. She longs to be a part of something and to have â€Å"a great journey to the horizons in search of people† (85). Janie Crawford’s journey to the horizon is told as a story t o her best friend Phoebe. She experiences three marriages and three communities that â€Å"represent increasingly wide circles of experience and opportunities for expression of personal choice† (Crabtree). Their Eyes Were Watching GodRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God And The Road851 Words   |  4 Pagesbooks, Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Road, seem to be completely different from each other for various reasons. One takes place in the south during the early 1900’s while the other takes place in the future after an apocalyptic event. However, both books share a similar idea. In both books the main characters have spiritual connections with an unknown force that is the main cause of both their misfortune and their happiness. Overall, both authors from Their Eyes Were Watching God and The RoadRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God893 Words   |  4 PagesThis quote exemplifies Janie’s desire for answers throughout her three relationships, displaying wh at she is longingly seeking for in life. Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, follows the life of protagonist, Janie Crawford, a confident, middle-aged black woman who goes throughout life discovering her quest for spiritual enlightenment and self-discovery. In the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, Hurston explains the hardships as ideas of maturity, sexism, and social class. Throughout theRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God1110 Words   |  5 Pagesseeking confirmation of the voice and vision, and everywhere she found and acknowledged answers. A personal answer for all other creations except herself. She felt an answer seeking her, but where? When? How?† (Hurston 11). This quote exemplifies Janie’s desire for answers throughout her three relationships, displaying what she is longingly seeking for in life. Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, follows the life of protagonist Janie Crawford, a confident, middle-aged black woman who goes throughoutRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pages In â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† by Zora Neale Hurston, as well as in modern times, there are many struggles surrounding gender, social class, and race. Throughout the entirety of this novel, Hurston describes every aspect of Janie’s life, in an attempt to show how young girls are transformed into women. Hurston did not describe the physical transformation, but instead tackled the much more complicated mental transformation. At the beginning of the novel, the reader is greeted with a seeminglyRead MoreAnalysis Of Their Eyes Were Watching God 1477 Words   |  6 PagesNot to Speak In the novel Their Eyes were Watching God, the main character, Janie, faces an inner battle in her three marriages, to speak or not to speak, which manifests itself differently with Logan, Joe, and Tea Cake. In her first marriage to Logan Killicks, Janie has her idea of what a marriage should look like shattered, as she failed to fall into the romantic idea of love that she held dear (Myth and Violence in Zora Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God). In her second marriage, to Joe

Total Housing Loan in Malaysia Free Essays

Total housing loan in Malaysia have been increase from year to year. This is stated in the Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) annual statistic report. Currently, there is an increase in the housing loan that have been approved by the bank from 2011 to 2012 . We will write a custom essay sample on Total Housing Loan in Malaysia or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to own a house, there is a large amount of money is needed. House is a long term property and the price is high. Not every people are afforded to buy their own house if they have not completed certain requirements. Since house price is expensive, the availability of housing finance is very important. Nowadays, home financing has offer many kind of financial products to the homebuyers when purchasing their dream house. There are already various institutions which offer housing loans that prospective borrowers can access such as banks, state housing corporation/agencies or mortgage institutions. It has become very important that the financial institutions to determine the factors that are pertinent to the homebuyers in selecting a mortgage home loan provider as there are a rapid change and more sophisticated homebuyers on this day. In order to establish whether the homebuyers have the potential capacity to pay for their desired home, they were asked to estimate the average purchase price, the deposit required, and the deposit that they could afford as well as any saving that could be added to the funding package. Currently, Ministry of Housing and Local Government has introduced housing loan scheme or Skim Pinjaman Perumahan (SPP) which aim to help people with the low income to buy a house. The target group for this scheme are the households with the earning between RM500. 0 to RM1200. 00 per month and are not eligible for another loan to build a house or buy a completed low-cost house. Besides that, homebuyers have to consider in many dimensions such as down payment, maturity of the contract, repayment structure, the ability to refinance, the possibility of being subject to borrowing constraints, and the evolution of economic variables such as interest rate, inflation, house appreciation rate, unemployment rat e and income growth. Mortgage loan is one of the alternatives or source of finance in home purchases and it become the popular choice where property was used as the main sources of collateral secure the loan made. Today, there are more financial alternatives offered to the public and at the same time there are more options for Malaysian bank customers to choose from. In exploring the information would help service providers to identify appropriate marketing strategies needed to attract new borrowers. This study attempts to deepen about consumer decision making when selecting a service provider and what criteria are of most importance. How to cite Total Housing Loan in Malaysia, Papers

The Affordances of Actor Network Theory In ICT - Free Solution

Questions: Describe the scales on which the actants in your stories act in the assemblage. Discuss how these actions can enhance management functions. Outline what issues/questions these actions raise. To achieve this, compare and contrast the viewpoints of a range of theorists and critics explored throughout the module. ? Answers: Introduction This essay is on Contemporary computing can be seen as an assemblage. It means that how new and modern technologies are introduced in the society. Many new technologies are been developed these days and in way the usage of these technologies are increasing. The essay is based on two stories from the computing world. The first story is on IBM helping to control Ebola using some the latest technologies. The technologies used by the company are data analytics, cloud computing, and mobile messages. The second story is about SAP helping Germany during the world cup. SAP is a German company; it used some of the latest technology, like, big data to provide the team with insights of the game. Both the story is based on new computing technologies and was successfully used to enhance the situations. Ant ANT is called the sociology of translation or enrollment theory. It rose to fame in the mid-1980s, principally with the work of Bruno Latour, John Law, and Michel Callon. It is a reasonable edge for investigating aggregate socio specialized procedures, whose spokespersons have given careful consideration to science a technologic exercises. It is a way to deal with the examination, and social hypothesis begins in the investigation of science is known as performing artist system hypothesis. Disregarding the way that it is known fundamentally for its questionable accentuation on the breaking point of nonhumans to act or take an enthusiasm for systems or frameworks or both, performing artist system hypothesis is similarly joined with convincing investigations of discriminating and routine human science (Greenhalgh and Stones, 2010). ANT is based on three main principles. They are agnosticism, generalized symmetry and free association. The first principle advocates that leaving any from t he earlier presumptions of the way of systems, causal conditions, or the exactness of actant's records. ANT obliges and imposes that every interpretation made are unprivileged. The second principle says that by utilizing a solitary logical edge when deciphering actants, nonhuman, and human. Investigators must hold on to the registers to look at people and associations, bugs and gatherers, or PCs and their software engineers. The final principle concludes that by leaving any distinction between social phenomenon and natural. Story 1 IBM applies data analytics, mobile technology and cloud computing to help fight the Ebola outbreak in West Africa IBM has pushed data analytics, cloud computing and mobility technology; into examining to control the outbreak of Ebola in the area named Sierra Leone. According to a survey conducted by the WHO, this outbreak of Ebola has claimed the life of nearly 5000 individuals. It is one of the major disasters in the year 1976. This disease has centered in Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia. Due to the technology that IBM is using to control an outbreak of Ebola has overwhelmed healthcare systems and local government. Actant in the story: Ebola (diseases) ; Mobile ( used for sms); Cloud computing; data analytics Human Actant: Ebola patients; Data analyst; Government officials; Doctors; Healthcare staff; Individuals of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia; IBM Software Actant: Algorithms used in data analysis; computer languages Hardware Actant: Server; Computers; Mobiles; Network Structural Actant: Local government How the actants are working with one another: Ebola is one of the major outbreaks that took place in the year 2014. It claimed the lives of many individuals in West Africa (Jane Kamau, 2014). To counter this disease IBM took an initiative in some of the parts of the affected area. They started using mobile technology for sending out message to the individual. They were sending messages to the individual warning them about the disease. About 40 to 50 percent of the individuals in Sierra Leone are illiterate (eHNA, 2015). Therefore, they were sending out SMS or messages and voice messages on the mobile phones. The administration utilized radio telecasts along SMS . A call centre was set up so that all the voice messages can be processed. The call centre was taking care of a huge number of calls a day. Stewart said he would like that figure to be in the millions to enhance the nature of the information produced. Airtel, an mobile network operator was running the sans toll number, and so cial researchers from the University of Cambridge are helping enhance the informing and behavior smaller than usual reviews over the air to remove more significant data. IBM volunteers are occupied with a group push to distinguish, stock and order all open information sources identified with the outbreak of Ebola (eHNA, 2015). IBM has conveyed SoftLayer cloud innovation to set up an Ebola Open Data Repository, giving governments, help organizations and scientists with free and open access to the information. IBM's Ebola effort proceeded in Nigeria, the fourth nation to be influenced by Ebola, which was as of late pronounced free of the ailment. Cloud computing: Data is saved up in the internet and it can be retrieved as per the need of the company or the individual (Hurwitz, 2010). It promotes elasticity in the company, self-servicing and pay per use method. It can be of three different types. They are: public, hybrid and private. How the system was helpful: The new technologies are very helpful in controlling the disease. These technologies could not be used to cure the disease but it was helpful to inform people about the outbreak. The initiative taken by IBM was commendable. The big data technology that was utilized by IBM in Africa stood to tackle many health care issues. Story 2 SAP played its part in the national football team's victory over Argentina in the World Cup final in Brazil SAP is a German based company. It helped the football team during world cup. All the data and information regarding the game was collected and analyzed by the company (Iisgroup.eu, 2015). Big data technology was used by the organization to help the team. The software used by the company was SAP match insights. Actants in the story: Big data; SAP match insights Human Actant: German football team; Big data analysts Software Actant: Algorithms; Programs Hardware Actant: Computers; Cameras; Mobile phones; Tablets; Servers Structural Actant: World Cup How the actants are acting with one another: SAP, a Germany based organization had influence in the national football group's triumph in World Cup. A lot has been said in regards to the exactness building and keen outline of Germany's football, which in the end defeated the young men from the barrios. Big data analysis and enterprise software have played a major part. In the year 2013, SAP and DFB started working together to build up a "Match Insights" programming framework for the German national group to use in arrangement for and amid the competition. SAP conveyed a model in the year 2014 and Joachim Low's administration group has been utilizing the product from that point onward. The German group dissected the information during the game, caught by camcorders around the pitch, and transformed it into data that could be seen on tablet or cell phones to help enhance group execution and addition a more profound understanding into its adversaries (Theregister.co.uk, 2015). The data or information gathered received or viewed on their phones or in the player lounge by the players. The greatest change coming about because of utilizing the information was the group's rate of passing, said SAP. At the point when Germany came to the World Cup semi-finals in the year 2010, the group had a normal ball ownership time of 3.4 seconds. Subsequent to utilizing SAP Match Insights, in light of the supplier's Hana innovation, it has possessed the capacity to lessen that time to 1.1 seconds. Big data: It is a broad area where a large number of data set is present. All the data or information is stored and analyzed for further usage (Dhar, 2014). It includes huge volumes of data sets that cannot be analyzed by the humans. All the data are captured, managed, curate and processed so that it can be used by the organizations (Dumbill, 2013). It can be used for taking major decisions in business. How the technology was helpful: An essential piece of the procedure was the change of the pitch into a matrix with every player doled out a one of a kind identifier, which permitted his or her developments to be followed digitally. All the information was gathered and then the data was sustained into a framework running the SAP HANA stage in light of in-memory innovation, which removed KPIs and individual player data. The information was then changed over into reenactments and charts that could be seen on tablets and cell phones (Theregister.co.uk, 2015). Innovative headway achieved by Big Data examination and machine learning could change all aspects of business and has as of now been utilized in a greatly wide and different range of parts. The individuals who disregard the advantages Big Data on offer do as such at their risk. It's a given obviously that we ought to give full credit to Germany's group aptitudes and exertion for their prosperity all through the World Cup, yet there is no denying the part Big Data needed to play in their triumph. Conclusion This essay is on contemporary computing can be seen as an assemblage. There are two stories discussed in this essay. The first story is about the humanitarian act of IBM in controlling Ebola and the second story is how SAP helped its national football team to improve its game during the World cup. Both the stories are based on new computing technologies. These latest applications were used in the real life to improve the situation. The various actants in the both the stories are described in the essay. References Andrade, A. and Urquhart, C. (2010). The affordances of actor network theory in ICT for development research.The affordances of actor network theory in ICT for development research. Dhar, V. (2014). Why Big Data = Big Deal.Big Data, 2(2), pp.55-56. Dumbill, E. (2013). Making Sense of Big Data.Big Data, 1(1), pp.1-2. eHNA, (2015).IBM, Airtel and Echo Mobile launches initiatives to help fight Ebola. [online] Available at: https://ehna.org/home?t=articlev=art-54e1e0aa280ed [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Fenwick, T. and Edwards, R. (2010).Actor-network theory in education. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Greenhalgh, T. and Stones, R. (2010). Theorising big IT programmes in healthcare: Strong structuration theory meets actor-network theory.Social Science Medicine, 70(9), pp.1285-1294. Hurwitz, J. (2010).Cloud computing for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub. Iisgroup.eu, (2015).SAP HANA helps Germany to World Cup glory. [online] Available at: https://www.iisgroup.eu/news/2014/07/14/news-feature-sap-hana-helps-germany-to-world-cup-glory/ [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Jane Kamau, S. (2014). Ebola Outbreak: Knowledge to Act.Occup Med Health Aff, 02(05). Kirkpatrick, R. (2013). Big Data for Development.Big Data, 1(1), pp.3-4. Theregister.co.uk, (2015).SAP: It was our Big Data software wot won it for Germany. [online] Available at: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/07/22/germany_worldcup_sap_hana/ [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Williams, M. (2010).A quick start guide to cloud computing. London: Kogan Page.