Book Review Barrons Writing for the TOEFL iBT, 6th ed.

Book Review Barrons Writing for the TOEFL iBT, 6th ed. My Grade for Writing for the TOEFL iBT: FI love the idea of a full-length TOEFL writing textbook, so I must acknowledge the effort that Barrons and author Lin Lougheed put into this book. Sadly, Writing for the TOEFL is a terrible book.Like the team from Kaplan, the folks at Barrons seem incapable of writing proper integrated writing questions. This book contains page after page after page of terrible integrated writing practice questions. The questions in the model tests at the back of the book are bad as well.It shouldnt be hard for authors to realize that the integrated writing question always includes an article with four paragraphs, paired with a lecture that when transcribed contains four matching paragraphs, each of which casts doubt on a specific point from the reading. Likewise, it shouldnt be too hard to notice that the specific counterpoints from the lecture are presented in the same order as the reading points. Just sitting for the TOEFL a few dozen times will teach them that.I just dont know how major publishers mess this up, since they can afford to let their authors take the test as many times as they want. Barrons has been publishing this book for 17 years, and they still havent figured it out. The integrated writing questions all have articles that consist of four paragraphs and three points. Frustratingly, though, the matching lectures often dont include specific counterpoints, and they arent broken down into a four paragraph structure.The lectures here are merely descriptive. Most of the time they describe the topic at hand, without challenging the specific points made in the reading. This is similar to the flawed practice test contained in the Official Guide, which the author of this text might have leaned too heavily on.For instance, Model Test 4 (page 169) presents three details related to the bubonic plague of the 1300s. They are: (i) it was transmitted starting in China, (ii) Italian ships spread it to Europe, and (iii) social order brok e down because of it. The lecturer (page 309), though, spends about 2/3 of his time talking about how ancient Egyptians also suffered from plague, before talking about how people in the modern world also suffer from plague. The matching point/counterpoint style of the real TOEFL is completely missing.The other error that experienced teachers will notice is that the article in this case lacks an overall argument. It merely describes the plague. A proper question would make some argument about the plague. For instance, the introduction would establish that the main argument is that the plague started in China. Each body paragraph, then, would present one piece of evidence in favor of this. The matching lecture would suggest that the plague did not start in China, and would challenge each of the authors points in turn.Model test 2 (page 169) is pretty much the same. It lacks an argument, and presents three details about animal intelligence. The lecturer babbles on about mirrors for the full three minutes.Model test 1 (page 167) also lacks an overall argument. Dealing with the effects of technology on learning, body paragraphs 1 and 3 suggest that it is beneficial, while body paragraph 2 suggests that it is not helping. The lecture, meanwhile, presents one story of success and one story of failure.It must be said that model test 3 (page 171) is almost a perfect TOEFL integrated writing question. It does everything right it presents a clear argument that Shakespeare did not write his famous plays, while the lecturer challenges each of these in turn. Evidently Barrons is capable of coming up with proper questions, but are unaware of the fact that this structure is used every time the test is offered.As far as the independent writing question goes, Barrons has again leaned too heavily on the Official Guide. Indeed, theyve pretty much reproduced the entire list of sample independent questions from that guide. As Ive noted in an earlier post, though, that list has pro blems. This does lead to the books single strong point a whopping 144 sample essays at the back of the book which answer these questions. These essays may be responding to slightly faulty questions and they dont really utilize the structure I prefer, but they are a wonderful source of ideas and inspiration for students who might be struggling to come up with content on test day. With a proper warning from a teacher to ignore the rest of the book this could be a helpful resource for students.That said, this highlight isnt enough to save this faulty book. I cant really recommend it.

Organizational Culture Inventory - 988 Words

Organizational Culture Inventory Introduction The unit I selected to study is the Sales and Service department of the organization where I am employed, Verizon Telecommunications. It is the customer service department in which customers call in to order new service, add services or products to existing service, and report any questions, comments or complaints. In addition to placing orders for services, if a customer has a problem or a technical issue, my job is to analyze the problem or issue and recommend a solution. Notice however, the department title, Sales and Service. It is of no accident that the word Sales, is before Service. This is in fact a sales job. During every call, I must make sure I recommend a product or service to†¦show more content†¦Potential Benefits Risks of Cultural Change Potential benefits of moving the current culture toward the ideal culture would reduce departmental employee turnover because job satisfaction and job commitment would increase due to management relieving the pre ssure of the job by acknowledging ALL employee efforts. This would mean rewarding for progress even when progress is slight and don t meet up to expectations. This overall will increase self-worth on the job. The increase in self-worth on the job will enable consultants to further develop and maximize their contributions. However, the shift toward the ideal culture may present some conflict in the organization because this change takes some of the focus off making numbers and management may feel that sales might decline and may be reluctant to continue the change. Nevertheless, management has to realize that the employees are important too, and this change will only facilitate teamwork and better interpersonal relationships that will enable employees to recognize and work toward the common goal of achieving great success. Conclusion and Reflection This exercise has been valuable to my personal and professional development in the organizational unit. The perfectionistic culture is what makes this job such a high pressured work environment. This exercise confirmed that although meeting objectives are important, it can not be the main focal point. ThroughShow MoreRelatedGm591 - Organizational Culture Inventory (Oci) Results1731 Words   |  7 PagesKeller Graduate School of Management [pic] GM 591: Organizational Culture Inventory Results for ABC IT – Business Solutions Group. Instructor: Rick Lochner Prepared by: Venkata Kumaran Date: 20-JAN-2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Current Culture 3 2.1 Cultural Type 5 2.2 Behaviors Associated with the Current Cultural Type 5 3.0 Targets for Cultural Change 6 4.0 Potential Benefits Risks of Cultural Change 8 4.1 BenefitsRead MoreOrganizational Culture Inventory of LOccitane1645 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica, Europe, Asia, and Australia. There are 170 shops in the United States included outlets stores. L’Occitane employed more than 2,200 people and maintaining retail boutiques and franchises across the world. Current Culture According to the Organizational Culture Inventory, the primary style of L’Occitane is approval, dependent, competitive, and perfectionistic. L’Occitane is a retail company that sells high-end beauty products. We have to avoid any conflict either between the employees orRead MoreBusiness Management : Bentley s Corner Barkery896 Words   |  4 Pagesdidn’t even know who they were when they went out to market. 2. What is this organization’s structure? How would you describe it? The structure of Bentley’s Corner Barkery before the revamping was not very good. The management was poor, the inventory system in place was a disaster, and the owners only focused on what they wanted instead of what the customers wanted. Bentley’s Corner Barkery can be found at several different locations, but they all seemed to be ran differently. Each store wasRead MoreHobby Lobby1130 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization dictate how the culture is developed and perceived. Organizational culture is the summation of the underlying organizational values manifesting as collective assumptions, attitudes, beliefs, expectations and norms.   Grounded in the customs and values of the organizational construct as well as in the experiences and interactions of the people within its walls, culture is the personality of an organization.   In order to unravel the complex dynamics of culture within an organization,Read MoreOrganizational Culture Within A Hospital Setting1693 Words   |  7 Pages There is a tremendous amount of literature regarding Organizational Culture as it relates to corporate business. Peters and Waterman (1982) book, In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best Run Companies, became the blueprint for organizational success. 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It can be sustained by creating and spreading organizational storiesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Paper2048 Words   |  9 PagesOrganizational Behavior Darleen Cervera, David Spann, Virginia Waugaman, William Anderson MMPBL 502 August 16, 2010 Thomas A Graham Organizational Behavior Kudler Fine Foods is a chain of upscale epicurean food shops located in San Diego, California. It was founded in 1998 by Kathy Kudler in response to her personal frustrations about the lack of a convenient, one-stop shop for gourmet cooks. The first store opened in La Jolla and was greeted with immediate success. Since then KudlerRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Is An Important Tool For Managers Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s business world, Organizational Behavior is an important tool for managers to effectively manage teams and it aids in being able to understand and foresee human behavior in an organization. It studies on how organizations can be arranged more accurately, and how several events in their outside situations effect organizations. It has become more significant today than in previous years because organizations must master to adapt to the rapidly changing business cultures that have stemmed fromRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Case Study2560 Word s   |  11 Pages(TQM) A Case Study Student name, school and level, remain confidential March 11th, 2008 Organizational Behavior – Dr. Panayotis Zamaros -1- Table of Content 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..3 2. Presentation of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 3. Presentation of the Solution: Total Quality Management (TQM) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 4. Analysis of the Solution: Is TQM compatible with Mexican culture?......................................7 5. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 6. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreConcept Of Culture For Organizational Business1519 Words   |  7 Pagesof culture for organizational business, we first must identify the two theories of culture theory and organizational theory. Diving into these two theories, we will review in detail of how each impact a family-owned business and how the effectiveness of the management and leadership summarize the culture of the business while evaluating the different purposes about the nature of culture and the organization business. The evaluation will require a reflection on the concept of culture; â€Å"Culture is

Business Research Methods and Tools Essay - 997 Words

Assignment One BUS642 Business Research Methods and Tools August 27, 2012 What is business research? Why should there be any question about the definition of research? â€Å"Business research is a process of planning, acquiring, analyzing, and disseminating relevant data, information, and insights†¦in ways that mobilize the organization to take appropriate actions that in turn, maximize performance.† (Cooper, amp; Schindler, 2011, p.4) Research is a planned and systematic process of inquiry and discovery providing decision makers with information and insight to more accurately answer proposed questions concerning business decisions thus lowering possible risk associated with those decisions. There should be questions on the definition†¦show more content†¦Basic research is about understanding the various processes between memory, learning, and knowledge. It is about finding information simply to find information. While it may become applied later, it is not sought out for its application to current events. The question of whether a salesperson should be paid salary or commission as a basic research question would be; would the sales people be better motivated to sell if they were paid by commission or salary. An applied research will go into further detail of the basic question. It might suggest if we pay our salespeople salary or commission, would customer satisfaction drop? Another example would be, if a salesperson is performing subpar in sales, would changing the person pay from salary to commission improve the person’s sales? Would our salespeople’s attitude change toward customer if we pay them salary instead of commission?, would be another example. A sales force manager needs to have information in order to decide whether to create a custom motivation program or purchase one offered by a consulting firm. What are the dilemmas the manager faces in selecting either alternative? In the case of developing a custom program, the manager’s dilemmas might be finding personnel that can design the program. Does he have the qualified personnel to perform the program? He/she will have to decide if the personnel are qualified enough to design a program and perform the program onceShow MoreRelatedSocial Media s Impact On Business Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature review Social media in business continually rises to be an in important tool in everyday business and this means that communication is greatly evolving. In this development period, social media has had a prodfound impact on businesses especially in marketing. As a result, many are using social media as a communication tool regardless of the negative impacts experienced in some aspcts of social media. 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Ww1 Causes of Free Essays

Who or what was to blame for World War One: Did two bullets lead to twenty million deaths When one talks about the World Wars Germany often springs to mind and is was supposedly the root cause for the First World War and even The Second World War, but was it the sole force of Germany alone or was some larger being behind this whole â€Å"setup† in which at least 20 million deaths. Let me set the scene for you and let us embark on a journey that will reach into the realm of horrific torture, an accidental assassination and the source o number of deaths equal to almost a third of the population living in the UK currently. But before I show you these plans of evil. We will write a custom essay sample on Ww1 Causes of or any similar topic only for you Order Now A new country is formed in 1871; it is a day to remember, as this country will be the fundamental reason for over 10 million deaths for the years to come. Germany is formed; Britain has built up an empire stretching from America to the edge of India. Germany, being born quite late is immensely jealous of Britain and builds up an army of 2 million foot soldiers. Now it aspires to have the greatest war-fleet in the whole of Europe. But it still will be no match for the British navy. So Germany forms an alliance. Whilst the forming of alliances is materializing Germany and Britain are having a massive arms race triggered by the German’s building naval giants in factories around the whole country, many of these battleships include Dreadnoughts. Britain senses this as an immediate threat to her lands and starts building even more naval vessels. By 1914 Britain had 29 Dreadnoughts and Germany had 14. Meanwhile France has been fighting with Prussia (German state) and lost Alsace-Lorraine, a wealthy town with a varied range of abundant resources, and wants revenge. France is also in league with Britain and later is thinking about using the sheer size of the British Navy to it’s own advantage. Austria-Hungary snatched lands in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 as a part of expanding their empire and becoming great again. However in Russia the Tsar of Russia is becoming less and less popular with most of the population and was facing food cuts and terrible poverty. This forced Russia to think about taking lands in The Mediterranean and near the Black Sea, which was basically a large chunk out of the Ottoman Empire. When in 1908 Austria-Hungary took control over Bosnia Herzegovina, which was a huge mistake. The population in Bosnia-Herzegovina were composed of Slavs and they wanted to be reunited with Serbia (another Slavic country) to get revenge on Austria-Hungary. This situation is exacerbated by Russia having, not only, a huge army; but also having a large influence in the Slavic countries. This connection with an unknown enemy would influence the war effort greatly and raise morale. In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over the former Turkish province of Bosnia. This angered Serbians who felt the province should be theirs. Serbia threatened Austria-Hungary with war, Russia, allied to Serbia, mobilised its forces. Germany, allied to Austria-Hungary mobilised its forces and prepared to threaten Russia. War was avoided when Russia backed down. There was, however, war in the Balkans between 1911 and 1912 when the Balkan states drove Turkey out of the area. The states then fought each other over which area should belong to which state. Austria-Hungary then intervened and forced Serbia to give up some of its acquisitions. Tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary was high. The only method of beating a country in a war that is bigger and greater than you was to make an alliance with another country. This meant you could lead a joint attack with the combined number of legions of both countries. The two countries are united against the one. Such was the power of an alliance. The alliances formed in the World War One were the Triple Alliance (also known as The Central Powers) and the Triple Entente (Britain, France and Russia). The idea was that the two sides would cancel each other out and Europe would be at peace. These alliances created more tension between the major powers. Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy felt threatened and surrounded by the Triple Entente. Russia was worried about Austria’s intentions towards the Balkans. A massive arms race began between Germany and Britain, with each country competing to have the biggest army and navy in Europe. In addition to this there were two crisis’ over Morocco, at the Algeciras Conference in 1906 Germany was outnumbered and had to withdraw, because of: British, Italian, Russian and Spanish support for France taking control of Morocco’s police and banks. The still fuming Germany sent a Dreadnought called â€Å"The Panther† to try and force France in stopping their invasion. Britain disagreed and sent a whole squad of warships. In this situation Germany was forced to back-down to the sheer force of the British navy. The German’s hatred for the British grew and grew. This evidence proves that the alliances formed were not for peace and prosperity, but War and destruction. Britain and Germany were forced to build ships on the account of invasion or protection. But mainly security. This didn’t do Germany any good when Italy switched sides and became part of the Entente. Militarism means that the army and military forces are given a high profile by the government. The growing European divide had led to an arms race between the main countries. The armies of both France and Germany had more than doubled between 1870 and 1914 and there was fierce competition between Britain and Germany for mastery of the seas. The British had introduced the ‘Dreadnought’, an effective battleship, in 1906. The Germans soon followed suit introducing their own battleships. The German, Von Schlieffen also drew up a plan of action that involved attacking France through Belgium if Russia made an attack on Germany. The map below shows how the plan was to work. Germany would attack Belgium and defeat them within six weeks; this would gain them an access in France. Germany would then attack France from the Franco-German border and then send over 100,000 troops to outflank them, therefore occupying France. After this complicated manoeuvre was completed Germany would be free to attack Russia on its own. As you can see in this plan, Britain plays no part in this war. That was the main reason everything went wrong Russia mobilized its armies within six days and led an assault on Germany. Belgium put up fierce resistance and everything was in shambles. But after all this tension was rising when did the war break out? Or more importantly how did war break out. If we look at the dates and figures (seen below) we will easily see that in over eight days a mass war breaks out between Europe and nearly every other continent. For a country to go to war it would have to consider many things, for example: the cost of war, the casualties and suspected death rates. Communications weren’t easy. There were no long distance calls and no e-mails. Not enough technology to start a ar in no less than ten days. No, it must have been planned. A breakthrough for all the tension arrived, the pin in the balloon breezed in. A murder. Of royalty. June 28 The Assassination in Sarajevo: of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, who is killed along with his wife, Archduchess Sophie. Details July 23 Austria-Hungary sends an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbian r esponse is seen as unsatisfactory. Details July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia mobilizes. The Great War begins. July 31 Germany enjoins Russia to stop mobilizing. Russia says mobilization is against Austria-Hungary only. August 1 Germany declares war on Russia and mobilizes. Italy declares its neutrality. Germany and the Ottoman Empire sign a secret alliance treaty. August 2 Germany invades Luxembourg. Details August 3 Belgium refuses German ultimatum. Germany declares war on France. German troops enter Russia. August 4 Germany invades Belgium to outflank the French army. Britain protests the violation of Belgian neutrality, guaranteed by a treaty; German Chancellor replies that the treaty is just a chiffon de papier (a scrap of paper). The United Kingdom declares war on Germany. August 5 Montenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary. The Ottoman Empire closes the Dardanelles. August 5–August 16 The Germans besiege and then capture the fortresses of Liege, Belgium. Details August 6 Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. Serbia declares war on Germany. Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijevic a respected leader of the Austro-Hungarian Military Intelligence masterminded a plan to get rid of the Archduke (heir to the Austrian throne) Franz Ferdinand. The colonel (CODENAME: Apis) wanted a militaristic Austria, so he formed a terrorist group of low-lying peasants and trained them to be assassins. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, on 28 June 1914, set in train a series of diplomatic events that led inexorably to the outbreak of war in Europe at the end of July 1914. Ferdinand – and his wife Sophie – were killed by Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip while on a formal visit to Sarajevo. Princip shot Ferdinand at point blank range while the latter was travelling in his car from a town hall reception; having earlier that day already survived one assassination attempt. The leaders of the world leapt for a chance to vie which each other, to gain power, land and money. World War One, unlike World War Two had a variety of reasons for bloodshed and massacre. Mainly the rising of tension and the exclusion of Germany in treaties and the colonization of Morocco and the Algeciras conference. Ultimately all the tension funnelled out into a World War. How to cite Ww1 Causes of, Papers

Mswati Iii of Swaziland free essay sample

Swaziland is the king of Swaziland, and head of the Swazi Royal Family. He succeeded his late father, Sobhuza II, in 1986. Early life He is one of many sons of King Sobhuza II (who had 70 wives and at the time of his death left over 1000 grandchildren) and the only child of Ntombi Tfwala, also known as Inkhosikati LaTfwala, one of the Kings younger wives. He was born at the Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, only four months before Swaziland attained independence from Britain, and after he and his mother were discharged from the hospital they went to live at one of King Sobhuzas residences of Etjeni near Masundwini Palace. His birth name was Makhosetive (King of Nations). As a young prince, Makhosetive attended Masundwini Primary School and Lozitha Palace School. He sat for the Swaziland Primary Certificate examination in December 1982 at Phondo Royal Residence and got a First Class with merit in Mathematics and English. We will write a custom essay sample on Mswati Iii of Swaziland or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He developed a great interest in the royal guard, becoming the first young cadet to join the Umbutfo Swaziland Defence Force (USDF). In September 2008, Mswati III was expected to choose his 14th wife at a ceremony of bare-breasted female virgins. Regency When his father died of pneumonia in 1982, the royal council Liqoqo headed by Prince Mfanasibili chose the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king. The special council was left with the task to do this after one of King Sobhuzas last words. For the next four years two wives of the late King Sobhuza II served as regent, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982–1983) and Queen Ntombi Tfwala (1983–1986) while he continued with his education in England, attending Sherborne School before he was called back to take over. King He was introduced as Crown Prince in September 1983 and was crowned King on April 25, 1986, aged 18 years and 6 days, and thus making him the youngest reigning monarch. The king and his mother, whose title is Indlovukazi (Great She-Elephant), rule jointly. Today he is Africas last absolute monarch in the sense that he has the power to choose the prime minister, other top government posts and top traditional posts. Even though he makes the appointments, he still has to get special advice from the queen mother and council, for example when he chooses the prime minister. When it comes to appointing the cabinet, he gets advise from the prime minister. He inherited a rule by decree, but did restore the nations Parliament, which had been dissolved by his father due to the chaos of the multiparty system, that was perceived as breaking the country apart at the time considering that the country had just got its independence. The country already has its own type of democracy called the Tinkhundla system and has a constitution which allows freedom of assembly and free speech for both the media and the public. The Swaziland media in conferences with other regional media houses (MISA) says it is free to report as it pleases. In 2001, all unmarried women were placed under the chastity rite of umcwasho between 9 September 2001 and 19 August 2005 in an attempt to curb the spread of HIV and AIDS. This rite (re-introduced after suggestion from NGOs), banned sexual relations for Swazis under 18 years of age, but in 2005, he violated this decree when he married a 17-year-old girl, who became his 13th wife. As per custom, he was fined a cow by members of her regiment, which he duly paid. Succession In Swaziland no king can appoint his successor. Only an independent special traditional Council called the Liqoqo decides which of the wives shall be Great Wife and Indlovukazi (She-Elephant / Queen Mother). The son of this Great Wife will automatically become the next king. The Great Wife must only have one son (arguably) and be of good character. Her character affects her childs chances of ascending to the kingship. According to Swazi culture, a son cannot be the heir if his mother is not of good standing. She must not bear the maiden name of Nkhosi-Dlamini and she must not be a ritual wife (i. . the eldest son is never the heir). The King currently has thirteen wives. A Swazi Kings first two wives are chosen for him by the national councillors. These two have special functions in rituals and their sons can never claim Kingship. The first wife must be a member of the Matsebula clan, the second of the Motsa clan. According to tradition, he can only marry his fiancees after they have fallen pregnant, proving they can bear heirs. U ntil then, they are termed liphovela, or brides.

Web Design Certifications - Beginner Through Advanced

Web Design Certifications - Beginner Through Advanced So you have become quite the master of web design. Your pages look fabulous and you are pretty sure this is what you want to do for a living. If you are also looking for a way to make your skills stand out in the pile of resumes on the desk of a future employer, then you might want to consider a webmaster certification. There are quite a few web design certifications out there that will test your ability to design, code, and implement web pages and sites. Although many are oriented towards the beginner, there are also a few very advanced certifications that will elevate you to the level of Web Master. Beginner Web Design Certifications Beginner web design certifications focus on page layout, use of graphics, HTML, use of browsers and style sheets. These will start you on the path to more advanced certifications. CIW Associate:Â  The CIW Associate certification only requires one exam. Its referred to as the Foundations exam and must be passed before going on to any other CIW track. The exam covers internet, page authoring, and networking basics. Earning the CIW Associate also qualifies you for the CWP Associate CertificationCWD (Certified Web Designer):Â  The CWD certification is offered by the Association of Web Professionals (AWP). You will need basic internet and design knowledge to pass the single exam. The exam is given online by Jupiter Systems, who are the current sponsors of the AWP. A Web Manager and Technician Certifications are also offered by the AWP. These are more intermediate certs and focus less on design.CAW (Certified Associate Webmaster): The CAW certification is offered by WOW and covers most of the basics with a focus in markup and scripting. One exam is required, costs $125 and is available through VUE.HTML Developer Certificate from W3C:Â  The World Wide Web Consorti um (WC3) is the group that sets the standards for the internet. They offer a basic, 70 question exam that results in a certificate and tests you on HTML, XHTML, and CSS. All the materials needed to study are free on the site so, considering the source and the cost, this is a great choice for a certification.​ BCIP (Brainbench Certified Internet Professional):Â  Brainbench offers several good certification preparation exams. In addition, you can apply several of the skills exams to get the BCIP certification. It requires 4 exams in total and a couple of them are free. Most run from $20 to $50, making this a very affordable certification and an excellent way to test your skills in preparation for more advanced certs. Intermediate Web Design Certifications Expect to have knowledge of coding and scripting along with some solid job experience to jump to the intermediate level of certification. AWP (Associate Webmaster Professional): Sponsored by WebYoda, the AWP requires one exam. Exam topics cover Internet Fundamentals, basic and advanced HTML XHTML knowledge, and expertise with CSS.Coldfusion MX Developer Certification: If you have experience with programming languages and one year of working with Coldfusion, you are eligible for this exam. It consists of 66 questions. A score of 80 percent or above will earn you an Advanced Developer Certification.DreamWeaver MX Certification:Â  Proficiency in Dreamweaver plus experience with coding, graphics, and website management will help you with this exam. The exam is 65 questions and you must score 70 percent or better to pass.Flash Certification: Macromedia offers two tracks for the Flash certification: Flash MX Designer and Flash MX Developer. Each requires one 65 question exam. The Designer exam requires knowledge of Flash motion design, optimization, and publishing. The Developer exam requires knowledge of relational databa se design along with one to two years of experience in software development web design. MCTS (Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist): This certification was created for anyone developing on .NET Framework 2.0 Web Applications. You must pass two exams, one focusing on the .NET Framework 2.0 foundational skills and another focusing on Web-based client development. From here you can take one additional exam to obtain the MCPD: Web Developer certification. Advanced Web Design Certifications Advanced certifications will require that you expand your horizons well beyond proficiency in internet and design concepts. Depending on the cert you choose, you will now need to master e-business, marketing, security, management, and more advanced scripting skills. CIW Master:Â  There are several tracks for CIW Master candidates to choose from, including Administrator, Developer, Web Site Manager, and Security Analyst. Each track requires multiple exams on a variety of subjects.CWP:Â  The CWP certification requires that you hold the AWP certification and take one exam. Although training offered by WebYoda (the sponsor of the CWP) is recommended, it is not required. The exam covers web design graphics, e-business concepts, intermediate Java skills, and e-marketing concepts.Global Knowledge Webmaster:Â  This certification is achieved through a serious of lecture and lab classes covering Java (or Perl), advanced web design, databases, and XML development. Want a way to validate your awesome web design skills? Get Certified. So you have become quite the master of web design. Your pages look fabulous and you are pretty sure this is what you want to do for a living. If you are also looking for a way to make your skills stand out in the pile of resumes on the desk of a future employer, then you might want to consider a webmaster certification. There are quite a few web design certifications out there that will test your ability to design, code, and implement web pages and sites. Although many are oriented towards the beginner, there are also a few very advanced certifications that will elevate you to the level of Web Master.

Chemical or Molecular Formula for Carbon Dioxide

Chemical or Molecular Formula for Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide normally occurs as a colorless gas. In solid form it is called dry ice. The chemical or molecular formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. The central carbon atom is joined to two oxygen atoms by covalent double bonds. The chemical structure is centrosymmetric and linear, so carbon dioxide has no electric dipole. Key Takeaways: Carbon Dioxide Chemical Formula The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. Each carbon dioxide molecule contains one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, bound to each other by covalent bonds.At room temperature and pressure, carbon dioxide is a gas.The carbon dioxide molecule is linear. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, where it acts as a diprotic acid, first dissociating to form the bicarbonate ion and then carbonate. A common misconception is that all dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid. Most dissolved carbon dioxide remains in molecular form. Why Is Water Bent and Carbon Dioxide Linear? Both water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) consist of atoms connected by polar covalent bonds. Yet, water is a polar molecule while carbon dioxide is nonpolar. The polarity of the chemical bonds within a molecule is not sufficient to make the molecule polar. Each water molecule has a bent shape because of the lone electron pair on the oxygen atom. Each CO bond in carbon dioxide is polar, with the oxygen atom pulling the electrons from carbon toward itself. The charges are equal in magnitude, yet opposite in direction, so the net effect is to produce a nonpolar molecule.