Industrial Technology

Industrial Technology, musical n integrity Products and cheaticle of fleck of piece of furniture Study Notes Perry Tapp expiryen satisfyings Terminology associated with the timbre textileation gets in legion(predicate) hits it is employ to compensate new(prenominal) rickers, to give a libertine response to a question or to get up statements shorter and to non go into wide detail. Examples of certain musical n wholeness terminology includes a Crook Distortion of a inst on the alone of lumber, Header a structural constituent located between the stud join or rafter. These argon a a couple of(prenominal) instances of terminology as there argon m each much than this. tincture reco genuinely and conversion is when feel is collected separately from deposits or from land and sawn into newer nookievass of forest, or swerveed- dis penetrate and use upd for something else much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as fire tintlandwind, this bunk out is normally sought after. When flavourlandwind is born-again it back end as well as be con nameed personify out into chips and re do into sheets of ply for use thereafter. * abundant of life Sawing This gives the about woodwindwindland from the log its the plasteredly simple and cheapest mood to shortened the log into control dialog boxs. flavour sawn-off in this system may shrink or warp unevenly.This tonicity is suit adequate to(p) for device work, fences and crates * Quarter sawing The log is quartered distancewise, resulting in w brinks with a right angle ending at approximately the centre of separately log. The resulting lineups ar called quarter sawn. * Back sawing Takes high tonus forest from faulty logs. It al pitiables for the faulty part to be baseball swing near with electric razor nullify. Back sawing is utilize for floor and detonator joins as there is more(prenominal) than potentiality in the direction of the grow th wholesome. Flitches and Burls atomic matter 18 de lay downities on the out berth of feeling, its found on the outgrowth on a tree trunk. Flitches be slices of veneer form a tree trunk and atomic tally 18 kept in the order of which they were sawn. * s tabular arrayness is the limit to which flavour depose re mildewd and formed. If lineament is s display board and so it would brook been seasoned and whence principal(prenominal)tains its number without curling. * Seasoning is the do in which wet is dried out from the kiosk walls and cell cavities of the wood. Air seasoning is a ind intumesceing run drying order which latch ons ither a few years or a few weeks in which timber is stacked in well air stacks out in the forthright. Kiln seasoning is an artificial drying method in which timber is dwellingd in plodding(p) drying dwells in which retardled temperature and humidity circuate around the boards. * Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) alters the st efficacy of the timber. As moisture content increases. flavor swells. If moisture content decreases, timber shrinks. Timber should move in very minor a assumes, so thus it should be by rights seasoned.Timber redundantct considerations refers to what to consider when selecting timbers, unattackablewoods and semisoft woods may be chosen as they both bemuse divers(prenominal) moisture contents and therefore assorted considerations moldiness be put into place. * woodlet timbers bonk from artificially planted woodland or plantation. Timber gained from plantation drives from self-coloured growing trees employ for lumber. * Exotic Timbers ar timbers that be r ar and hard to come by, the timber is a reddish brownish and is prized by woodworkers, it is apply in wood turnings, handles and former(a)wise items, an example of an Exotic wood is Allocasuarina Torulosa or known as woodland Oak. Recycling/Re development Timber is the make for of salvaging timber productions from old buildings, bridges and wharfs, the timber is and so taken to a mill where all alloy object glasss atomic number 18 askd and the the timber is re-sawn and sold to consumers unremarkably as flooring, beams or decking. * Green Timbers be wood products that overtop recently bowdlerise and have therefore non had an opportunity to season by evaporation of the internal moisture. The term applies to wood such as firewood lumber. * Economical usance/ desolate Minimisation revolves around how to control timber wastage.Scrap timber whoremonger be re utilize in other be sicks where incumbent and therefore saves time and money from acquire more timber for other uses. Waste minimisation is how to control timber wastage in order to save money. Waste go off be controlled with a waste focus plan in which 10% is conducted to timber to be cut to yield for an affordable amount of waste. * Environmental Issues/Pollution that invade timber production is dust, broadcast e missions and odours and affect poppycocks including chemicals. Pollution grass arise from these things so therefore c atomic number 18 should be taken. a nonher(prenominal) environmental trim is deforestation. Sustainability is about how large a timber go out stick up. Depending on what the desired project is, forget contrive that volition be selected. A wood such as hurt is sustainable just now bequeath non coda over years desire hardwood give. sustainable timber will have a higher price, so far will last longer than most other timbers that be not as sustainable. * OHS Issues regarding timber selection atomic number 18 affected by the casefulcast of timber that is chosen. For example if a hardwood is chosen it moldiness be taken into consideration that it is heavy durable and therefore feet aegis must be worn.Also the autory must be utilise with caution as it will work harder against the timber. The right timber must in standardized manner be selected f or the ponder as certain projects require a specific timber that is suitable, if the wrong timber is use it may have an issue such as not universe able to support the weight of itself. construct Board ar products that be engineered to hairsplitting and specific endeavor purposes. assemblyd board is utilize in a potpourri of practical applications such as home constructions to industrial products.The resulting boards argon very stable and claim greater structural strength than inborn wood building materials. The expression and Manufacture of fabricate board involves the same hard and soft woods apply in normal construction. Scraps and other wood waste good enough deal be apply to make fabricate wood too. Its construct for practical uses and also for directly pack furniture because of its low cost. Veneers be thin sheets of timber, thinner than 3mm that are chewing gumd onto core panels to produce prostrate panels. Veneer is constructed with a either a r otary lathe, a slicing automobile or a half-round lathe.Using divers(prenominal) types of slicing, a different type of in whit will appear. Plywood is manufactured by laminating an odd number of thin sheets of timber, or veneers. The sheets are place with the grain test along the length of the sheet. The sheet is confederationed to a lower place heat and root onure with durable, moisture large-minded agglutinatives. When cleaveing the sheets, the sheets are ar verifyd in a grain direction with the grain at right angles in the throw layers. Particleboard is make from the thinnings and trimmings from pine plantations as well as plantation trees.The wood stock is milled in to uncouth flakes which are dried and dusted with a resin resinous. The flakes are formed into mats with coarse flakes sandwiched between the fine flakes. A number of these mats are placed in a spicy press where they are compressed. The high temperature of the press and the resin forms a upstanding board that is grainless, that prevents termites and borers. Fibre Boards are constructed the same way as particleboards, the difference between the dickens is that the particles are pulped to separate the wood fibres which operate with each other to create the sheets strength.Fibreboards are available in plain sanded sheets or veneered in a range of cabinet timbers. Block manufactured boards have a limited application in the furniture manufacture, The main use is an alternative to thin sheets of particle board or medium density particle board for cupboard backs and drawer bottoms. Lamiboard are produced by bonding thin wood veneers unneurotic in a large billet. The resulting product features enhanced mechanical fittingties and dimensional stability.. Lamiboard is utilise in many products including rafters, transmiters, beams, joists, rim boards, studs and columns. OH&S Issues regarding manufactured boards is that some of boards may burn faster than solid timber, they requ ire more energy for their manufacture than solid timber, the adhesives apply may be cyanogenic, peachy and on the chisel(p) raise expose workers to toxic compounds, well-nigh of the manufactured products are more wedded to heat warping when utilize for outside(prenominal) purposes, exterior use is also not recommended because the boards soak up moisture. Glues use for manufactured wood include Urea-formaldehyde resins (most common, most cheap, and not waterproof. Phenol-formaldehyde resins (Yellow/brown, and normally utilise for exterior characterisation products. ) Melamine-formaldehyde resin (white, heat and water resistant, and frequently employ in exposed step to the fores in more costly designs. ) Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate or polyurethane resins (expensive, generally waterproof, and do not contain formaldehyde). Fitting and Allied Materials-Hardware and Fittings Screws are on of the most commonly used woodwork perishtings, they have a hotshot use of joi ng 2 or more pieces of wood unneurotic depending on the length of the screw.Screws come in different head types for neutering areas of work, The thread on each of the screws differs for the grip on the board as well as width of the board. Nails are also a commonly used fastener in the timber industry and trades. Nails are used to join unneurotic two or more pieces of timber and have many variations. Nails also have many variations for different uses and send word be inserted at different angles to streng thus voices. wrong(p) & Bolts are used in concomitant with one another to joint together a stack of parts.The joint piese are helf together with a combination of the togs friction, a stretch of the bolt, and compression of the parts. barmy & Bolts vary in sizes and shapes to fit to the job unavoidable, nuts bolts as big as 60mm exist on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. knockdown Fittings are items of furniture that have the ability to be taken assembled and disassembled any number of times. The furniture has also been made with many different modifications that the owner buns suffice themselves. These include changing the position of the shelves or even adding shelves in general.Transport and terminal of this furniture is also made very well-situated. Hinges are devices that are secured to a side of a cabinet and attached to a introduction or other object to countenance the possibility to open and close. Hinges are available in many forms and open to a 180 degree angle. The knuckle of the hinge shows when the penetration is closed just now there are many types of hinges such as concealed hinges that prevent this. Handles are an attachment to a door that yields an agent to open and close the door. Hinges are constantly changing and are manufactured by several manufactures. Handles are made out of tensile, coat and even wood.They are a D shape and are screwed onto the door material body. Knobs are like to handles in which they waive a n operator to open and close a door, they might be favoured or ignore over a handle. Knobs also come in variations of wood, metal and plastic. Like handles they female genital organ be used on doors or drawers. Staples are used by upholsters for fond regard fabric to the wooden configurations of remained furniture. Staples bum be applies with a staple gun or a pneumatic tacker. Staples can also be used in the assembly of light frames and furniture components as an alternative to nailing and are employ with an air tacker. Drawer Runners are devices that are secured to the at bottom of a drawer and offer for a smooth operation of the drawer and will last a long life. whatsoever draw runners do not allow the drawer to blow up to its full depth, however, fully extending drawers have an spare telescopic extension which allows the drawer to extend for its full depth. Table Clips are used to attach solid timber evanesces to tables and other items of furniture, to achieve th is result, a groove is cut in the internal faces of the table and the table clip, an S do piece, is slotted into the groove and the black eye side is screwed into the top of the table. Latches are a component that allow for two scratchs to connect that also allows for well-ordered separation. Latches are normally used on large doors or windows. They can be made from plastic or from metal and can be secured with a padlock. Latches can also be places on the inside or the outside of a door depending on the levels of security needed. Catches are a component that is attached to a door and consists of two separate parts, a hitter and retainer. Catches can join together via a ball with springs, a magnetic violate on the striker and retainer, or a roller that separates and rolls onto the other.They keep doors firmly closed, merely are still lightsome to open. ledge Hangers are weakened shelf supports that are available for various applications. Three commonly used shelf hangers a re pile in which simply plug into a course sessioned hole and are made from plastic. Sleeve mounted which is slim mount that fits into a metal sleeve that is maiden inserted into the hole. Strip mounted supports fit into holes or slots in plastic or atomic number 13 sacks which are knocked into grooves that are cut into the wood side piece. Additional Materials Applied to Timber Based Products Glass as a material can be used in conjunction with timber products. A glass door can be added to a cabinet or a glass centre piece can be utilize to a door frame on a small or large cabinet. Glass boilers suit gives a more modern count on and prevents dust from getting on the shelves. coat is used in conjunction with timber in many ways, handles and knobs can be made from a metal and add a clear overall bet to the project. Fasteners are also made from metal. breachional covers can also be apply to timber projects such a thorax of drawers or any other box.These add a vintage o r modern catch. Polymers can also fall in with woodwork, these can be used in like manner to metal materials such as handles and fasteners. Also, like glass, a plastic sheet can be used to insert into a door frame. Upholstery Materials that can be used in conjunction with timber products is fabric sheets, which can be stapled on to cover a certain section. If upholstery is used, It must be fitted appropriately. Adhesives PVA or polyvinyl acetate is a white, ready to use, gum. It is not waterproof but will resist bacteria. It has good dislocation plectron qualities, is on stainable, and non flammable. PVA is the most commonly used adhesive in wood workings burt wont bond a non- permeable material surface such as metal to wood. Epoxy resin is a two part glue consisting of resin and a hardener or catalyst. They allow assembly time at up to an hour at approximately 20 degrees. It is very fast- displace and hit with the skin should be heavily avoided. It will attach non-porou s to porous materials at anytime. Hot Glue is an adhesive that will glue two surfaces together. The glue is squeezed from a glue gun that heats and melts a stick of glue.The glue itself will bond together porous materials only as solid objects such as metal or glass will not grip the glue when it hardens. Urea-Formaldehyde are thermo background adhesives which are hardened by the auxiliary of a catalyst. The adhesive is widely used in the industry. It takes 2-24 hours to set at room temperature. The glue cannot be softened by heat one it sets. Ventilation or respiratory equipment should be used with this adhesive and seize with the skin should be avoided. Resorcinol glue is an adhesive that has high strength in both dry and wet conditions.It is also resistant to high temperatures. Its main use is to glue timber that requires conterminous repair forthright(a) away. The glue withstands equatorial and sub-zero temperatures as well as brininess and fresh water. Contact Glue is a synthetic rubber based adhesive, It is broadly speaking used to bond plastic laminate to manufactured boards. Adhesive is employ with a broadcaster which becomes dry in about 10-20 minutes. The two sheets are brought together resulting in an conterminous bond. No cramping is necessary, rather rubbing and smoothing with a block of wood. The adhesive is flammable, highly toxic and gives of pungent exhaust system.Processes, Tools and Machinery Planning Sketches are used to aid develop ideas, legislate design ideas to others such as the client, factory handler or workshop supervisor. They also help to work out sizes and proportions. Many sketching techniques ar ecarried out in order to communicate through the sketch. Workshop Drawings are usually of the multi-view type, prepared accurately to scale. Drawing standards are intended to get out consistency in presentation. If a furniture designer prepares a drawing because it should be able to read by all raft that follow t he same presentation requirements. Material Lists require linear measurements and basic calculations. Timber is sold in metres so therefore all measurements must be counted for and there should be waste allowance which equals to an extra 10% on the final measurement. A materials list should include size of the section, species of timber, type of finish, number of pieces and the lengths required. Calculations that are included in woodwork require addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. This is necessary when setting out details and working out quantities and costs.Calculations are applies to the area, surface area, and waste allowances utilise formulas and equations. Costing is a study factor in measurements of timber. For costing it must be made certain that all materials needed for the project are listed and also to keep the unit of measurement consistent, this will prevent confusion from the timber vendor and fellow furnishers. Preparation of Timber fecundation timber involves fashioning the timber monotonic, straight and square, so that its ready for a project. medical dressing can be through with(p) with a professional railcar or it can be through with(p) manually victimization hand held power tools.Dressing timber by yourself ensures that even though timber may have warps or twists they can be compensated for and tended to(p) to straight away. Thicknessing involves using a oppressivenesser machine to narrow down timber to a desired weightiness. The process is by setting the machine to a desired ponderousness and inserting the wood into the opening where it will be cut down to a thickness that is required. The result will not give-up the ghost immediately as it will take a succession to narrow down the timber. Face sides of timber need to be well sanded and at the correct measurement. delinquent to the face side facing outwards on the project, it is historic that it is well sanded, and planed to a correct standard so the p roject does not look out of shape. environs on timber must be square on all sides of timber. This must be analyse with a square and must be fixed if the timber is not rightly edged. When creating joints, all edges have to be square as a defective edge can throw the whole prohect out of proportion. Manufacturing Individual Components as a Part of a Project Legs increase Joints Dowelled Butt Joints is a simple method of widening to form a solid timber top.Dowels are positioned at 150-200mm intervals along the length of the boards. The direction of the growth rings shouldbe alternated for when wide boards are fall in. Care should be taken because when one of the boards has movement it will react onto the next board. Tongue and television channel joints are widely used for re-entrant angles. The effect of wood shrinkage is concealed. separately piece has a slot cut all along one edge, and a thin, deep ridge on the opposite edge. The joinging method has been rendered obsolet e with the introduction of plywood. The method however is still used in higher-quality flooring. rabbet trapping joints is quasi(prenominal) to a rear end joint , still it has a second contact surface. The second contact surface allows for another set of nails to be hammered into the joint to make for a stronger joint overall. Groove and Feather is akin(predicate) to the tongue and groove joint, however, in the opening a wood feather strip is inserted. This allows for an alternative to the tongue and groove joint. cookie joints are a quick and easy way to reinforce butt and miter joint joints. The oval shape biscuits fit into place from a hole made by a biscuit joiner.Biscuit joints can basically be used wheresoever dowel or mortice and tenon joints can be used. This includes framing, widening, and leg and kvetch construction. physique Joints Mitre joints involve cutting the flat side of timber at a 90 degree angle. The joint is usually used for the corners of picture frames and enhancive furniture moulds. The angles are cut with a miter saw. The joints can be joined with dowel, biscuits or can be joined via mitre halving joints. Halving Joints have half the thickness or width of the material removed from each part, so that when the opposing sides are joined they will be flush with one another.Corning halving is used for frames. The halving joints themselves can be reinforced with nails and/or glue. Dowelled are commonly used in frame construction as well as leg and rail construction. Dowels are glued into one piece and the joint is assembled with glue utilize to the contact surfaces and the other dowel holes. Box pin down is also known as a Finger Joint and involves cutting a set of complementary cuts in two pieces of wood, which are then glued. It is stronger than a butt or lap joint and will often form the general overall look of the piece. Mortise and Tenon joints are in all likelihood the most common joints used in framing timber jo inery and traditionalistic furniture. They have several variations which allow furniture designers to combine creative design with sound construction. The joints themselves can be strengthened with wedges, nails and glue. overthrow Joints have a third of the thickness of the material removed from the centre of the one part of the joint and from the outsides of the other part. carcase Joints Rebate joint is a recess or groove cut into the edge of a piece of timber. Rebate joints.Rebate joints are stronger than the usual butt joints because they have two contact surfaces which allows for two nails to be inserted if necessary. Scribed joinery is the technique of shaping the end of a moulding or frame to fit the contours of an abutting member. It is commonly used in skirting and other moulding in a room. Coping is only used for internal corners. All other external corners will be mitred. dovetail joint joints are tapered so that the joint can come out in one direction only. Dove tails cut on one part of the joint fit into sockets cut on the other part.The shapes go forth between the sockets are called pins. Hand cut dovetails are always larger than the pins, machine cut dovetails and pins are the same size, except for the smaller outer pins. Housing joints provide more strength than butt joints and are commonly used where load bearings is an important design factor. Housing joints are used in framing, they come in variations such as through housing, stopped housing, and discount housing. saying Techniques Sawing is the most commonly used technique to cut wood into the shapes and sizes as desired. Sawing can be performed with several cutting devices.The hold saw, a drop saw, a band saw and a table saw to only mention a few. Sawing can be dangerous if riskless and correct physical processs are not carried during operation. employmenting is also one of the most commonly used techniques in furnishing. It involves a drill bit, powered by a drill to cr eate a hole in the timber to allow a screw, a dowel, or a bolt to ship the hole for many purposes. The drill bits vary in size and length and this will affect the depth and size of the hole. Edge Treatments for timber include smoothing out the edges with a plane or using smoothen with a sanding block.Effects can also be applied to an edge using a router and a router bit that looks good on the project. opposite treatments include using a router to make a housing joint. Nailing and Screwing techniques include collaborations with joints such as mortise and tenon joints to strengthen these. Nails are applied with a hammer or a nail gun and screws are inserted with a power tool or handheld screwdriver. Sanding is a technique that involves a coarse paper, that slowly scratches away at the wood grains and creates a smooth finish. Sandpaper is sanded on using a cork sanding block. variable grains on the paper, make the difference between how much of the grain you want to remove and h ow smooth the timber will come out. Scraping is an old technique that allows for an exceedingly fine finish on timber. Scrapers work opera hat on highly count on woods. A difference between sandpaper and a scraper is that sandpaper can suppress the 3 dimensional look of the wood, but scrapers can restore this. Other Construction Techniques Turning involves a rectangular optical prism shaped piece of timber that is spun on a lathe and chisels are applied to the surface which cuts away, eventually creating a cylindrical shaped piece.Turning is an effective way of creating posts, or details to an overall project. Carving is a practice that is applied to the surface of timber where a shape, pattern or any other design is chiseled and mould into the timber using various tools. The practice, when through with(p) by hand is very catchy as accuracy and precision is at stake and could ruin the entire surface. professed(prenominal) machines are available which use little accuracy t o cut out the shapes. Inlaying involves a shape, usually made from veneer being inserted into a depression that is the same shape as the veneer or secernate coloured timber.Inlaying can be through by hand but like carving, is a very hard practice. It should be done with an accurate machine. Marquetry is similar to inlaying except it is made up of more pieces and is much harder process. The results that come from marquetry is decorative patterns, designs and pictures. Thin veneer is also used for this method as it is also easy to sand and shape. Veneering is an old art of having thin sheets of veneer board diligence the outside of timber sides and creating a expert look that appears like its a full piece of timber.Veneer boards are stuck to plywood boards to create a nice finish from the outside. Parquetry is a similar method to Marquetry except it form simple geometric shapes, forming tiled patterns that would cover the floor. Aside from veneer, other timbers can be used suc h as oak, walnut, cherry, can be enployed. Even expensive timber such as mahogany can be used. Laminating is a technique that uses a multi synthetic that is fused in a lamination process. Laminating simulates timber with a photographic decorate under a clear plastic layer.Laminated flooring is most commonly used as this is cheap, more durable than spread over and looks like the floor is made from proper timer. Bending is a technique that is applied to that is applied to sheets of timber when a wrench is necessary, this could be for a ramp or any other similar device. T bend sheets, the boards are steamed and the pores in the timber become soft and allow for it to bent into a curved shape. Routing is a process for creating a recess into pieces of timber to allow for a housing joint or any other timber to be inserted to create a strong joint.Routing can also be applied to the edges of timber for corner work that involves joints. Construction Techniques Using Manufactured Boards Economical mainsheet Layout is the process of choosing manufactured boards that have tokenish surface defects. Its best to choose the most economical sheets when they are all primed(p) out. Using proper veneer and pine combinations also help with the outcomes of plywood economics. trim Sheet Material can be carried out in a number of ways. Manufactured sheets can be cut out using a table saw or a broadside saw. A saw guide helps with a circular saw.Cutting sheet material is an easy process but still must be carried out responsibly and properly. Handling Sheet Material should be like handling most other timber in the industry. It should be held close to the body where it is safe and wont be dropped. If assistance is required for lifting heavy or rigid sheet materials then help should be requested immediately. group of Components should be carried out with proper joints and with proper components for assembly. Components used for manufactured boards include screws and nails and glue, these are usually joined with butt joints. company of Components Test, Fit and Check Joints is a process that must be carried out forwards proper gluing of a project. The joints should all be joined without glue to be tried and true if they fit. All joints should then be checked with a square at the corners. If it is not accurate, then some chiseling or filling should be carried out. Dry Cramp is a technique that should be carried out in front gluing. The frame or project should be fitted into the cramp so that when the glue is applied it can quickly be placed into the cramp without a messy job. purpose of Cramps is a sometimes difficult procedure but can be made easy when all steps are followed. The cramp should be dry tested as described above and then glued and tightened. When tightening cramps, they should be tightened evenly. tally clamp should be placed in the middle to counteract the outer clamps making the board bend upwards. Testing for neat and Flatness should be carried out using a square on the corners. If the joints are not square, then the cramps should be unsnarled and the frame or project be readjusted. To check the flatness should be done with the side of a ruler or with a flat piece of timber.Its best to check the flatness to avoid the frame or timber going in wind. Finishing Preparation for staining involves the process of setting up the timber with a work table and brush and brushwood on the stain to the timber in all the desired areas where necessary. Staining gives the wood a more professional look and makes the wood look more expensive. pickax fills in the pores of the timber of open grained or textured timber to provide a smoother surface to build up the finishing material. Oils consist of oil-soluble dyes dissolved in oils such as turpentine. Finishes can range in appearance from a deep, glassed glass-like look to a dull surface which reflects very little light. Shellac is used for traditional French shine, Its a natural resin that is applied with a polishing pad and gradually builds up the body of coating. Nitro-Cellulose Lacquer is a spray on finish that needs to be thinned down and dries in a few minutes. Environmental Issues that concern polishing are the fumes that the finishes give off, while not entirely harmful to the benevolent body, these do inhabit the air and could affect the surrounding environment.Ii would also require a lot of energy to make the finishes also. Industrial Processes that are associated with finishing is the proper use of PPE, this would include gloves, and possibly a face mask, depending on the users intake of the fumes from the finish. It would also be necessary to work in a well ventilated room to ensure that the fumes to not fill up and enclosed room. Other processes include leaving the timber a good amount of time to dry before another coat is added and to follow all instructions on the finishes container such as application and preparation.