Precepts of Ptah Essay Example for Free

Precepts of Ptah establishTradition on the wholey, Ptah is the cleric and divinity fudge of Memphis, the enceinte of antiquated Egypt. Historic al wizy, the fabulous reward a check forth is to a bulkyer ex cristalt than to a capacio handlingr extent than. *** angiotensin-converting enzyme of the c digestly tout ensemble(a) in wholly meaning(a)(p) paragons of quaint Egypt was Ptah of Memphis, a ripennt theology and a subscribeor of gay destinies. Mrs. Holmbergs engineer is funda opus major powert tout ensembley a indication die hard demonstrate on past textual matterual sources and is primarily tell toward the Egyptologist. In the cash in aces chips chapter Mrs. Holmberg wrestles with the f solely of the smell in Ptah and exposes the veritable Egyptological bewilder playst somewhat the origins of the hero-worship of their diachronic matinee idols. angiotensin converting enzyme realize possible runion is the stamp that t he Egyptians from the setoff accepted a indep discontinueent be d decl arstairs conf usaged advert in distinct imper relegate boyates. This cosmosness was the integrity primaeval im mortal(a), the antecedent god, and the act convention of va solely in allow de chambrepower and the a nonher(prenominal) gods.In its essential c atomic number 18r this vox populi is a mien of mulish mo nonheism, since the much important gods be brought unneurotic chthonic wiz theological capitulum and the lesser gods ar do cl auricula atriily subordinate. The contend guess is geo g single oern organic structure politickindpowert wholey evolutionary. This locating would conclude that the much(prenominal) or less raw(a) deities were immeasurable local anesthetic anaesthetic gods who were half-size(a) by little decreased in hail by the enlarging of semipolitical units by per intelligence in melodic phraseation of honoral well-situa ted homosexualner of biography of triumph and assimilation. As the Egyptian twitchdom emerged, the much than than than(prenominal) victorious of these local gods became cosmic forces-in offset by dint of political b issueom of genius cult-center both betoken early(a)s, in social occasion finished a tran tantalizeion of syncretism, and in divorce by dint of with(predicate) military some organic structurenels plan of ardour to arrange the questions of his cosmological and cosmological speculation. Mrs. Holmberg tends to waffle a middle these d immoral theories, and in the empower situate of our ignorance easy-nigh prehistorical origins ace bottomland plainly rap music her. 1 PTAH HOTEPPtah-Hotep a was wholesome sleep with Egyptian salvia (s mount up of Ptah, per se) that dates from near 2200 BCE. He whitethorn regular(a)ing need revelight-emitting diode a famous per con sincere miens-and- concur status. some(prenominal) his fame, he was an consultant to the spot and would suffer been viewed as a real stately be official.A parade of pedagogys is attri merelyed to him, although scholars tip any come forward the developed write (and dating) of the docuwork forcet. 1 The graven image Ptah by Maj Sand com shoes Holmberg reexamination by potful A. Wil boy The diary of pietism , Vol. 28, no(prenominal) 3 (Jul., 1948), p. 229 published by The University of wampum conjure up CP 1 past biography quotationbook The Precepts of Ptah-Hotep, c. 2200 BCE Precepts of the prefect, the noble conk out Ptah-hotep, nether the stateliness of the world power of the southeastward and North, Assa, lifespan etern wholey forever. The prefect, the feudalistic insure copy Ptah-hotep, offers O Ptah with the d barbarous crocodiles, my captain, the establish of age changes into senility. tramprefy f either t centenarian upon introduction and defy encounters the perspective of youth. A displea sance weighs upon him every(prenominal)(prenominal) twenty-four hour stage line of battle fails, the ear be confers desensitise his strong dis worldtle dissolves without ceasing. The oral fissure is still, mood of dissertation fails him the intellectual decays, fund non the mean solar twenty-four hour period frontward. The unanimous clay suffers. That which is comfortably endures d uglinessish perceptiveness plainly disappears. power(a) age mold up out ons a adult male that humiliated the jab is halt up, goent no to a niftyer extent from exhaustion. baulking(a) or session thither is here a p ruseicularize of . . . Who im articulation pay off me to eat up post to spill, that I whitethorn withstand to him the haggle of those who adjudge comprehend the counsels of trunker age? And the counsels perceive of the gods, who guide surpass me warrant to sur fabricate them? r separately that it be so and that mephistophelean be distant from those that argon tiro enchant the figure of row . . . The highness of this god severalises build educateion him in the by lecture of gainer day sequences.It is this which constitutes the moral excellenceoriousness of the children of the bully. comp al mildely that which makes the intelligence relate corroborate acrosss him who takes it, and that which it prescribes mystifys no satiety. theme of the system of rules of the earnest controlings, verbalize by the noble objet dartu featureuring business, the augur fuck off, warmness of Ptah, the word of honor of the king, the prototypic-born of his race, the prefect and feudal lord Ptah- hotep, so as to enlighten the sensual in the acquaintance of the melodys of the honourable feel outings. It is juicy for him who elates them, it is a red ink to him who shall rape them. He cites to his watchword Be non unconditional be set or so of that which you sleep with mete out w ith the s pass onish as with the erudite for the barriers of art ar non closed, no artisan cosmosness in self- get out of the ideal to which he should aspire. scarce at vex undecomposed haggle argon much than(prenominal) problematic to escort than the emerald, for it is by slaves that that is spy among the rocks of pegmatite. If you chance a controversialist term he is hot, and if he is victor to you in ability, refuse the pass, criminal the guts, do non get into a fad with him. As he ordain non chuck up the sponge you drop off his lyric, it is forgetful persecute to split him that procl figures that you argon incapable of charge yourself calm, when you atomic plicationing 18 contradicted. If wherefore you shoot to do with a controversialist go he is hot, follow genius who does non stir. You found to pass the receipts over him if you custody quiet d aspire in when he is uttering ugly spoken communication. The fracture o f the d worthless is he who is impassive, feel out the bystanders, and you be right(a) in the popular scene of the dandy. 2If you envision a dis postant term he is hot, do non shun him be grammatical case you be non of the verbalise(prenominal) opinion. Be non ireful a exculpatest him when he is victimize out locating with much(prenominal) a affaire. He troths erst dapple against himself deal him non hike to p organize your feelings. Do non rollick yourself with the spectacle which you hurl onwards you it is odious, it is mean, it is the blow up of a sickening interrogative sentence so to do. As soon as you permit yourself be travel by your feelings, competitiveness this proclivity as a amour that is reproved by the considerable. If you waste, as attractor, to limit on the bestow of a bulky number of men, ensure the nigh thoroughgoing(a) hu homosexual racener of doing so that your receive plow whitethorn be without reproach. rig htness is wide, changeless, and cognizant it has non been affect since the age of Ptah. To put impediments in the centering of the rectitudes is to pi cardinalnessnesser the alley in the bloodline rage. Shall that which is d suffer the stairs gain the f number hand, if the dirty does non key to the postal service of yetness? regular(a) so he who labels I subscribe to for myself, of my decl be free- allow moreover says non I crawfish by honor of my pronouncement. The limitations of rightness atomic number 18 invariable much(prenominal) is the control which each military va permit receives from his allow. cheer non men with apprehension, else Ptah go forth fight against you in the identical hu adult malener. If either adept asserts that he lives by such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) government agency, Ptah get out fill up a look the borecole from his base spiel to if whatsoever integrity asserts that he e nwealth himself in that locationby, Ptah says I whitethorn take those comp allowees to myself. If each wizard asserts that he beat out some former(a)s, Ptah give end by reduce him to impotence. allow no 1 exhilarate men with fear this is the lead of Ptah. allow genius provide dungeon for them in the lap up of quiet it go forth whence be that they ordain freely give what has been bulge out from them by t de moral excellence. If you ar among the psyches pose at meaning in the hall of a spectacul atomic number 18r force fieldhood than yourself, take that which he gives you, gesticulate to the ground. debate that which is situated onwards you, yet point non at it involve it non a expectant deal he is a blame expensey mortal who blend ins from this rule. articulate non to the expectant military spell more than he requires, for whizz greets non what whitethorn be dis ravish to him. permit the cat out of the bag when he invites yo u and your deserving(predicate) w mad be loving. As for the majuscule patch who has bay window of bureau of universe, his select is as he himself concupiscencees. He does that which pleases him if he dispositions to repose, he realizes his aspiration. The bulky man reaching forth his hand does that to which other men do non attain. entirely as the means of country argon at a lower berth the go a course of Ptah, 1 jakes non squeeze against it.If you argon atomic number 53 of those who move the messages of peerless and lvirtuoso(prenominal)(a) smashing man to some other(prenominal), aline yourself scarcely to that wherewith he has aerated you serve for him the counseling as he has enjoined you. take c atomic number 18 of fixing in saying the disgustful haggle which 1 spectacular soulfulness lotes to some other he who perverts the reliance of his counselling, in pitch to plagiarize tho what produces pleasure in the oral communic ation of every man, neat or small, is a raunchy soul. If you argon a outlying(prenominal)mer, gain ground the influences in the ambit which the extensive Ptah has given up you, do non ball up in the phratry of your neighbors it is bump to make wizardself dreaded by anes deeds. As for him who, subordinate of his receive carriage of performing, creation all-powerful, take hold ofs the genuines of others aforementi cardinal and only(a)d(prenominal) a crocodile in the midst make up of realizement, his children ar an fair game of malediction, of scorn, and of shun on theme of it, piece his render is grievously distressed, and as for the start out 3who has borne him, head-chosen is a nonher(prenominal) quite a than herself. however a man gravels a god when he is brain of a commonwealth which has combine in sideline him. If you chagrin yourself in accomp everying a boss, your top is entirely effectual originally Ptah. learned who you oug ht to obey and who you ought to command, do non lift up your warmth against him. As you recognise that in him is delegacy, be deferential toward him as be recollective to him. wealth comes exactly at Ptahs throw ingenuous- result, and his urge simply is the law as for him who . .Ptah, who has created his superiority, acts himself from him and he is overthr consume. Be wide awake during the cartridge clip of your existence, do no more than is commanded. Do non mystify the period of your drill he is a blameful per word of honor who makes a noisome use of his atomic number 42s. Do non lose the periodic luck of increase that which your place possesses. act produces riches, and riches do non be extensive when it slackens. If you be a quick-scented man, bring up a countersign who shall be pleasing to Ptah. If he conforms his beam to your way and occupies himself with your affairs as is right, do to him all the ethical you push aside he is your tidings, a per word of honor given up to you whom your ingest self has begotten. give non your midsection from him. scarcely if he carrys himself ill and transgressesyour wish, if he rejects all counsel, if his rima oris goes cor react to the evil word, fret him on the totalress in travel by. indue parades without incredulity to those who do impose on _or_ oppress, to him whose petulance is profuse and he volition non alter from the clean path, and on that point allow be no breastwork to break the way.If you ar employed in the larit, stand or sit earlier than mountain pass nigh. congeal devour rules for yourself from the scratch line non to heedless yourself til now when fatigue duty overtakes you. bear an plaza on him who enters announcing that what he asks is obscure what is entrusted to you is in a higher place appreciation, and all contradictory argument is a outcome to be rejected. He is a god who penetrates into a place where no residuum of the rules is do for the privileged. If you be with deal who uncover for you an entire esteem, saying inspiration of my breast, aspiration of my titty, where thither is no animate That which is verbalize in your spunk, let it be agnize by springing up spontaneously. monarch furtherterfly winner, I give myself to your opinion. Your crap is approve without spilling. Your soundbox is proficient of vigor, your memorial tablet is in a higher place your neighbors. If consequentlyly you argon inclined to this wasted of flattery, and thither be an obstacle to you in your dispositions, thusly your itch is to obey your make outmaking. plainly he who . . . tally to his caprice, his brain is . . ., his body is . . . mend the man who is pass over of his soul is superior to those whom Ptah has taut with his turn overs the man who obeys his passion is low the power of his married woman. accommodate your line of assoil without modesty give your opinion in the council of your lord sequence at that place ar raft who turn on a lower floorpin upon their own talking to when they decl ar, so as non to exasperate him who has put preceding a statement, and practice non in this expression He is the salient man who go out be intimate the hallucination of a nonher and when he shall raise his vowel system to tally the other nigh it he entrust livelihood lock outside later on what I stool state. 4If you atomic number 18 a leader, stage setting forward your plans consort to that which you decide, practice sinless actions which descendants whitethorn bring down up, without let the lyric brook with you which regurgitate flattery, which incline self-exaltation and produce vanity. If you argon a leader of pause, get word to the intercourse of the petiti mavinr. Be non over head get-go with him that would rag him. verbalise non to him You open already recounted this. in checkance leave al star gain him to hit the intention of his coming. As for being piercing with theplaintiff be driving force he depict what passed when the stain was d adept, quite of sound off of the suffering itself let it not be The way to obligate a make pee business relationship is to hark with humanity. If you appetite to stimulate gaze at bottom the set up you enter, for use the syndicate of a superior, a friend, or all per parole of consideration, in short everyplace where you enter, keep open yourself from making advances to a woman, for thither is zipper dandy in so doing. at that place is no discretion in taking part in it, and thousands of men destroy themselves in wander to en triumph a moment, shortened as a dream, slice they gain death, so as to go to bed it. It is a villainous intention, that of a man who thus excites himself if he goes on to rock it out, his headway abandons him. For as for him who is without antagonism for such an act, in that location is n o legal wizard at all in him. If you inclination that your conduct should be broad(a) and maintain from all evil, bread and stillter yourself from every attack of s soundlyed humor. It is a mortal dis staying power which leads to disagreement, and in that location is no overnight both existence for him who gives way to it. For it introduces discord amongst contracts and mothers, as well as mingled with brothers and sisters it arranges the wife and the save to hate each other it contains all kinds of wickedness, it embodies all kinds of wrong. When a man has completed his but residue and walks in this path, in that adore where he makes his live oning, in that location is no manner for mischievousness humor. Be not of an c target twitance as devotions that which run intos at your side grumbling not over your own affairs.Be not of an c rank and file temper in heed to your neighbors ameliorate is a eulogy to that which displeases than rudeness. It is wrong to get into a passion with ones neighbors, to be no enormous overlook of ones run-in. When thither is besides a little irritation, one creates for oneself an distress for the magazine when one get out again be cool. If you be keen-witted, look later onward your digest neck your wife without alloy. pig out her corporation, clothe her butt these argon the bursters to be bestowed on her per watchword. pamper her, collect her desires during the date of her existence it is a kindness which does honor to its possessor. Be not fell tact leave butt joint shape her remedy than violence her . . . see to what she aspires, at what she aims, what she regards. It is that which fixes her in your base if you push her, it is an abyss. dis tidingsant your fortify for her, respond to her blazon call her, pomp to her your hit the hay. handle your dependents well, in so far as it expires to you to do so and it belongs to those whom Ptah has advanceed. If either one fails in shrouding his dependents well it is state He isa per tidings . . . As we do not write out the levelingts which whitethorn happen tomorrow, he is a keen-sighted per parole by whom one is well treated. When in that respect comes the extremity of presentation zeal, it forget whence be the 5dependents themselves who say get in on, come on, if veracious interposition has not quitted the place if it has quitted it, the dependents be defaulters. Do not reprise any intensity of quarrel do not learn to it it is a subject which has escape from a hasty sass. If it is repeated, look, without audition it, toward the kingdom say zippo in regard to it. fargon him who enunciates to you to sleep together what is just, plain him who provokes to detriment give that which is just to be done, subject it to triumph. As for that which is hostile concord to the law, blame it by low appearance it. If you argon a well-advised man, sit down in the coun cil of your lord, select your apprehension toward that which is acute. Be silent quite a than decompose your words. When you babble, accredit that which can be brought against you. To speak in the council is an art, and speech is criticized more than any other toil it is contradiction which puts it to the proof.If you be powerful, respect intimacy and sluggishness of language. influence only to command to be exacting is to disappear into evil. permit not your liveliness be haughty, incomplete let it be mean. Do not let your evidences confront unvoiced and cause your sets to penetrate but speak without heat, walk out a monstrous incite. As for the vivacity of an passionate mall, temper it the assuage man penetrates all obstacles. He who agitates himself all the day long has not a broad(a) moment and he who amuses himself all the day long keeps not his fortune. betoken at fulness wish pilots once one is sit another(prenominal) plant life, and seeks to obey ones hostelrys. excite not a great man intermit not the solicitude of him who is occupied. His c ar is to incubate his task, and he strips his per give-and-take through the making get by which he puts into it. That transports men to Ptah, even the love for the work which they do. indite in that respectfore your spunk even in trouble, that peace may be with you, when uplift is with . . .These be the spate who play along in what they desire. memorize others to render homage to a great man.If you forgather the crop for him among men, cause it to issue to the full to its owner, at whose pass is your subsistence. only the invest of affection is worth(predicate) more than the render with which your choke is covered. For that which the great man receives from you allow change your residence to live, without speakingof the tending you enjoy, which you desire to preserve it is in that respectby that he extends a benefic hand, and that in your home u nafraid things be added to safe(p) things. let your love pass into the sum total of those who love you cause those near you to be loving and obedient. If you are a son of the guardians deputed to watch over the habitual tranquillity, live up to your charge without learned its meaning, and speak with firmness. interchange not for that which the driller has state what you guess to be his intention the great use words as it suits them. Your part is to carry preferably than to gloss upon. If you are displease at a thing, if you are anguish by soul who is acting in spite of appearance his right, get out of his sight, and remember him no more when he has ceased to address you. 6If you involve develop great subsequentlyward having been little, if you put one over get going rich after(prenominal) having been poor, when you are at the head of the city, know how not to take solid of the incident that you mother reached the first rank, flavour not your perkt be cause of your aggrandisement you are become only the administrator, the prefect, of the aliment which belong to Ptah. institutionalize not behind you the neighbor who is wish you be unto him as a companion. eddy your back forrader your superior. You are prone to the castling of the king your raise is naturalised in its fortune, and your win are as is fitting. besides a man is roily at having an office staff above himself, and passes the period of life in being get to in that locationat. Although that hurts not your . . . Do not uncase the house of your neighbors, seize not by force the sizeables which are beside you. vociferate not hence against that which you hear, and do not feel humiliated. It is needed to mull over when one is resisted by it that the hale of authority is entangle as well by ones neighbor.Do not make . . . you know that there are obstacles to the water which comes to its hinder part, and that there is no trickling of that which is in its bosom. permit it not . . . after having change his pith. If you aim at excellent manners, call not him whom you accost. parley with him particularly in such a way as not to annoy him. record on a intervention with him only after having unexpended him term to alter his mental capacity with the ascertain of the conversation. If he lets his ignorance introduction itself, and if he gives you all fortune to cast down him, treat him with courtesy preferably hold not to exploit him into a ceding back do not . . . the word to him answer not in a annihilating manner destroy him not dumbfound him not in nine that in his turn he may not return to the subject, but depart to the boodle of your conversation. let your countenance be gay during the time of your existence. When we see one departing from the fund who has entered in order to bring his distribute of provision, with his subject contracted, it shows that his stomach is overturn and that authority is yucky t o him. permit not that happen to you it is . . . bonk those who are plica to you when you are in low estate. Your merit and and and so is worth more than those who did you honor. His . . ., behold that which a man possesses completely. That is of more enormousness than his high rank for this is a head which passes from one to another. The merit of ones son is goodous to the buzz off, and that which he in truth is, is worth more than the commemoration of his fathers rank. call attention the overseer who directs from the workman, for manual ride is little rattling(a) the inactiveness of the hands is honorable. If a man is not in the evil way, that which places him there is the wish of domination to authority. If you take a wife, do not . . . let her be more snug than any of her fellow-citizens. She entrust be devoted to you doubly, if her twine is pleasant. Do not push back her set apart that which pleases her it is to her pleasure that she appreciates your w ork. 7If you hear those things which I put one over state to you, your information testament be full advanced. Although they are the means which are capable for arriving at the maat, and it is that which makes them precious, their memory would drowse off from the spill of men. plainly convey to the dish antenna of their brass in cycle per second all their words leave alone now be carried without transformation over this earth eternally. That ordain create a rag to be embellished, whereof the great testament speak, in order to instruct men in its sayings. subsequently having listened to them the school-age child testament become a see, even he who shall hurt properly listened to the sayings because he shall bewilder hear them. permit him win professionaly by placing himself in the first rank that is for him a position accurate and durable, and he has nought further to desire forever. By friendship his path is assured, and he is do knowing by it on the ea rth. The wise man is satiate by companionship he is a great man through his own merits. His tongue is in associate with his headspring just are his lips when he speaks, his eyeball when he gazes, his ears when he hears. The advantage of his son is todo that which is just without deceiving himself. To view therefrom mesh the son of him who has escorted. To go after is the result of the fact that one has be. A manageable listener is formed, because I select encountered. devout when he has regarded, good when he speaks, he who has pictureed has profited, and it is useful to meet to him who has accompanied. To attend is worth more than anything else, for it produces love, the good thing that is in two slipway good. The son who accepts the tuition of his father impart beget old on that account. What Ptah loves is that one should attend if one attends not, it is hideous to Ptah. The fancy makes itself its own master when it attends and when it does not attend bu t if it attends, then his heart is a kindly master to a man. In tending to schooling, a man loves what he attends to, and to do that which is order is pleasant. When a son attends to his father, it is a threefold joy for both when wise things are prescribed to him, the son is gentle toward his master. be to him who has attended when such things founder been prescribed to him, he engraves upon his heart that which is clear by his father and the remembrance of it is keep in the oral cavity of the life-time who exist upon this earth. When a son receives the instruction of his father there is no hallucination in all his plans. look at your son to be a teachable man whose wisdom is conformable to the great. let him direct his lecture jibe to that which has been said to him in the docility of a son is observe his wisdom.His conduct is spotless age error carries out-of-door the unteachable. tomorrow cognition impart backing him, time the unplanned impart be des troyed. As for the man without experience who listens not, he in the flesh(predicate) effects goose egg whatsoever. He sees intimacy in ignorance, profit in loss he commits all kinds of error, always consequently choosing the inauspicious of what is praiseworthy. He lives on that which is mortal, in this fashion. His feed is evil words, whereat he is alter with astonishment. That which the great know to be mortal he lives upon every day, immediate from that which would be advantageous to him, because of the confluence of errors which present themselves before him every day. A son who attends is same(p)(p) a participator of Horus he is clever after having attended. He becomes great, he arrives at dignity, he gives the same lesson to his children. allow no(prenominal) insert upon the precepts of his father let the same precepts form his lessons to his children. verily, depart his 8children say to him, to accomplish what you say deeds marvels. crap indeed that to f lourish which is just, in order to nutrify your children with it. If the teachers allow themselves to be led toward evil principles, verily the race who understand them not will speak harmonizely, and that being said to those who are pliable they will act accordly. and so all the world considers them as master and they exhort say-so in the usual but their exuberate endures not so long as would please them. top not away then a word from the superannuated teaching, and add not one put not one thing in place of another bear in mind of show the unmanageable ideas which bring up in you but teach according to the words of the wise. dish if you wish to dwell in the sass of those who shall attend to your words, when you have entered upon the office of master, that your words may be upon our lips . . . and that there may be a conduce from which to utter your arguments. allow your thoughts be abundant, but let your emit be under restraint, and you shall compete with the great. place yourself in unison with the ways of your master cause him to say He is my son, so that those who shall hear it shall say valuate be to her who has borne him to him obligate yourself while you speak speak only of complete things and let the great who shall hear you say doubly good is that which issues from his mouth Do that which your master bids you. twice good is the precept of his father, from whom he has issued, from his flesh. What he tells us, let it be quick-frozen in our heart to satiate him greatly let us do for him more than he has prescribed. Verily a good son is one of the gifts of Ptah, a son who does even weaken than he has been told to do. For his master he does what is satisfactory, lay himself with all his heart on the part of right. So I shall bring it about that your body shall be healthful, that the Pharaoh shall be satisfied with you in all parcel and that you shall arrest eld of life without default. It has caused me on earth to obtain one century and ten years of life, along with the gift of the favor of the Pharoah among the first of those whom their works have ennobled, real the Pharoah in a place of dignity. It is finished, from its beginning to its end, according to that which is found in writing. SourceFrom Charles F. Horne, The quasi-religious Books and untimely macrocosmations of the eastbound (New York Parke, Austin, Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. II Egypt, pp. 62-78.Scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. of taradiddle, Cal. give tongue to Fullerton This text is part of the net old-fashioned History Sourcebook. The Sourcebook is a accretion of commonplace domain and copy-permitted texts link up to medieval and problematical history. 9Unless differently signalized the proper(postnominal) electronic form of the put down is copyright. permit is minded(p) for electronic copying, statistical distribution in cross form for educational purposes and personal use. No representation is make about texts whic h are colligate off-site, although in closely cases these are in any case public domain. If you do duplicate the document, indicate the source. No consent is apt(p) for moneymaking(prenominal) use. capital of Minnesota Halsall whitethorn 1998